The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Example for Free

The Picture of Dorian Gray EssayDorian Gray is a blotto and incredibly handsome young Englishman. He meets sweet basil Hallward, a great, well-k at presentn artist during his time at a social gathering. After their meeting, Dorian decides to begin his portrait painted by basil. Basil is greatly come acrossn by the magnificence of Dorians physical appearance. As an artist, Basil becomes inspired, to great extent, by Dorians seemingly exceptional exquisiteness. Dorian becomes Basils muse. This results in Dorian sitting for quite a few portraits by Basil. A friendship also ensues because of their frequent encounters.(Wikipedia the eject encyclopedia, 2007) Through his portrait sitting sessions with Basil, Dorian Gray meets noble Henry Wotton. Lord Wotton is a rattling close friend of Basils. He is a nobleman and is quite the intellectual. A very articulate, witty and interesting conversationalist, Dorian Gray is instantly taken by Lord Wottons charm. Lord Wottons ideas ar radical and endeavor to challenge the widely-accepted conservative concepts of truth. Lord Henry Wottons thoughts and theories reveal that he is a staunch believer of self indulgence.He is an exponent of the quest for both proper and immoral life experiences. However, his lifestyle reveals the opposite. He takes part in the social activities of London high society except he is careful enough to not involve himself in distasteful conduct. He is eager to take Dorian under his wing and teach him the principles of new hedonism. Basil confides in Lord Wotton that he finds Dorians Grays physical attributes gripping and overpowering. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Upon hearing Basils confession, Lord Wotton sought to influence Dorian by his ideals.In one of their encounters, Lord Wotton seeing Dorians portrait by Basil leaves a distressing message to Dorian that youth and beauty are fleeting. Dorian, the vain person that he is, is greatly fretfulness by this statement. He agon izes over the preordained fact that his handsomeness, which he considers his best trait is vanishing as each day goes by. Dorian unknowingly puts a curse on his portrait, wishing that he could change places with image in the painting. He hoped that the painting would grow old and he would stay the same, vibrant and youthful. Basil gives Dorian the portrait to calm him down.(Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Dorian falls in love with Sibyl Vane, a young, poor actress. In spite of her brother, James warnings that a relationship with Dorian pull up stakes not do her any good, she still persisted. She gets engaged with Dorian. One night, the raving Dorian proudly brings Lord Wotton and Basil to the theater to watch Sibyl. As the act unfolded, the two guests openly disapprove of Sibyls acting prowess. It is Dorians nature to be overly concerned of other peoples thoughts about him and his choices that he takes the reflection to heart.His guests try to console him that it does not matter if Sibyl is a good actress or not as long as they love each other but instead of calming down, he asks them to leave. Dorian tells Sibyl about this and the young and promising Sibyl who is swept away by her feelings for Dorian decides to abandon her love for acting for Dorian. In return, Dorian ruthlessly breaks off their relationship. This leaves Sibyl heartbroken and greatly distressed. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Upon returning home, Dorian gazes at his portrait and he observes that the expression on the portraits face had changed from a calm expression to a scornful look.Seeing this, he dreaded that his wish to change places with the image on the portrait had come unfeigned and that his transgressions will be documented on the canvas. He decides to reconcile with Sibyl the next day. Unknown to him, Sibyl had taken her own life. The next day, Lord Wotton tells Dorian the news of Sibyls suicide. When he first heard of the terrible news, Dorian was distraught. To console Dorian, Lord Wotton advises Dorian to see Sibyls death in a different light. Lord Wotton counseled Dorian to treat Sibyls death as rather, a creative feat by being the epitome of tragedy and put this misfortune female genitals him.Simply put, Lord Wotton advised Dorian to consider Sibyls death as just another case of life imitating art. Dorian hides his portrait for fear that someone else would see the changes in the portrait. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Given the conduciveness of the situation, Lord Wotton decides to take his mentorship with Dorian further by giving Dorian the yellow keep containing the exploits of the books hedonistic lead character. The book becomes Dorians bible. Dorians obsession with the book and hedonism signals the start of his corruption. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007)After galore(postnominal) years, Dorians appearance remains the same but his corrupt reputation precedes him by stories of his scandalous deeds and immoral e xploits that hound his persona in Londons high society. A direct opposite of his physical appearance, his portrait by Basil had change considerably. The person in the portrait now looks repulsive, unbeknownst to many. When news of Dorians reputation reaches Basil, he decides to confront Dorian about his behavior. During the confrontation, Dorian shows the now hideous painting and the terrified Basil entreats Dorian to repent.In a fit of rage, Dorian kills Basil. This is followed by other atrocious deeds until one night, Dorian, overcome by fear and guilt tries to drop his portrait. In his struggle to do so, he collapses on the floor and his servants are baffled to see the dead body of a disfigured, old man, a poke in his heart, in the place of their master. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Homoerotic love This novel is replete with instances that show homoerotic love. Both Basil Hallward and Lord Henry Wotton are vying for Dorian Grays attention. (Wikipedia the free encyclo pedia, 2007)Basil is instantly won over by Dorians physical attributes during their first meeting. He becomes so obsessed over his physical attraction to Dorian that it is expressed in his portraits. Basil was so drawn to Dorian to the point where he said as long as I live, the personality of Dorian Gray will dominate me. Basil is very much concerned over Dorians behavior and his reputation. This is very evident in the scene where he confronts Dorian in hopes to get him to repent from his wrongdoings. In the novel, Dorian does not reciprocate Basils feelings. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007)Lord Henry Wotton senses Dorian Grays adoration of his sophistication and radical ideals starting from their first meeting. This sparks an attraction where Lord Wotton coached Dorian in the ways of hedonism. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Dorian Grays fascination towards the hedonistic ideals of Lord Henry Wotton overshadows his other relationships. His obsession reaches to the po int that he is easily influenced by the mere words that Lord Henry Wotton speaks. He is greatly affected when Lord Wotton expresses disapproval in any aspect of his life.One special(a) case in point is his reaction when Lord Wotton and Basil Hallward openly criticized the acting skill of Sibyl, the woman with whom he was once engaged. Lord Wottons perverted stamp of approval became Dorians measure of success. Dorians idolization of Lord Henry Wotton and the principles of hedonism eventually led to his downfall. (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 2007) Works Cited Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. (2007, November 6). The Picture of Dorian Gray. Retrieved November 9, 2007, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_GrayHomoeroticism

Human Cloning and the Future Essay Example for Free

Human Cloning and the Future EssayIn his work from 2002 faith and Human Cloning An Exploratory Analysis of the First Available Opinion Data, John Evans proudly states a few possible benefits, or advantages, of valet therapeutic copy. While talking about embryonal stand cells, he states these cells can eventually be utilise to treat diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and kidney failure, to holler but a few(748). These possibilities have close toly been confirmed since the publishing of Evans piece and other more incredible possibilities have come about. The benefits of both fruitful and therapeutic cloning ar destructionless, yet many still disagree. They say that cloning is dangerous and that it would end human evolution and bring disaster to rescript as we know it (Mautner, 68). Do most people really think this is true? Or is modern society simply scared of the unknown and non ready for change? Many scientists and authors constantly debate the ethics and possi bilities of human cloning, both for reproductive use and therapeutic use.A distich of possible risks would keep company the beginning of human cloning, however the benefits are legitimate, and we as a species should reconsider. It is common know leadge that mother and father love one another. And its the classic nonpareil for a family to begin, in the act of spousal love through sexual reproduction. Alix Magney, in his work Cloning Me, Cloning You Reflections on the Ethics of Cloning for Individuals, Families and federation, argues that since human cloning would cause childbearing to lose its proper origins as an act of spousal love, it plainly poses a threat to the dignity and equality of women (25).I dont think this is true at all, as adopting a child has been practiced for thousands of years and in vitro salad dressing was invented in 1978. In vitro fertilization is where an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female body and then inserted into the uterus for maturation l onesome(prenominal) once the egg is fertilized. Sperm donors have been used for decades, completely negating any spousal love from the equation that is reproduction. While people continue to fight over equality for women, which has been true since the ratification of the NineteenthAmendment to the typography in 1920, other people continue to debate greater concerns about cloning. I have always heard it said Youre special, or Just be yourself, and these are sayings of encouragement to develop your own individuality, not to follow others when unnecessary, and to accept that everyone is different. Giovanni Berlucchi, in his work The Myth of the Clonable Human Brain, states that most human values are corollaries of the concept that each person is unique and identical to himself or herself through space and time. (160) and that this kind of transmittable manipulation whitethorn interfere with psychological and biological diversity, and therefore with the distinctiveness and autonomy o f the individual (160). I do think that the overuse of a single genetic identity for reproductive cloning would cause a disruption in the common value of individuality, but only in that physical aspect of things. The benefits of reproductive cloning and the possibilities of advancing the individual through therapeutic cloning could greatly outweigh any disruptions.Berlucchi continues, Nature has, of course, been producing genetically identical gentlemans gentleman from time immemorial in trifling pairs of monozygotic twins, and even less frequently in batches of monozygotic triplets (160). Prenatal uterine environment differences, along with other environmental differences post-conception, can importantly affect the psychological outcome of the child and is a main reason for psychological differences between monozygotic twins. The concept of environmental determinism dispels the myth that cloning humans would eliminate the core value of individuality.The controversy over abortion i s one of the biggest issues for politicians and the rest of society alike. The debate over whether or not an embryo is to be considered a human being with rights is a hot topic among the public and continues to be an important argument for virtually everyone. In his aforementioned piece faith and Human Cloning, John Evans says that the Roman Catholic Church has the most clear-cut position against cloning, simply based on the status they give to a human embryo.They believe embryos are equivalent to fully grown humans Embryos are to be treated the same as born persons and therefore cannot be used as means toward an end. Most obviously, they cannot be destroyed to benefit others (748). The church also opposes cloning because it severs human reproduction from sexuality (748). If a couple is attempting to have a kid with each other, by any means, they are more than likely sexually active with one another, and therefore cloning doesnt remove the sexuality from the overall situation, eve n if it is not directly involved with the contraception.Also, new technology has been developed since the writing of this article, and it is now possible to extract stalk cells from embryos without destroying the embryo. You can take a single stem cell, or blastomere, and coax it to become an endlessly proliferating stem cell. Although these cells cant form embryos, they can form major(ip) types of human tissue just as any embryonic stem cells do. So, therapeutic cloning is possible without the destruction of embryos. Other people fear the end of what Charles Darwin so valiantly discovered and explained to us all over 150 years ago human evolution.Michael Mautner, in his piece Will Cloning force out Human Evolution? , argues that a result of human cloning would be the end of human evolution. He states Cloning will, in contrast, reproduce the same genetic makeup of an existing individual. There is no room for new traits to arise The result Human evolution is halted (68). Only an i nsane situation where cloning was the only method for reproduction and the same genetic makeup was used over and over again would lead to the end of human evolution. This is an extreme situation and would almost definitely never happen.New science behind non-embryonic stem cell research has shown incredible potential for stem cells in general, as embryonic stem cells show significantly more potential than stem cells extracted from other parts of the human body, like the yellow bone marrow. Stem cells are beginning to be used to regrow hair, teeth and cartilage in damaged joints. Since the procedures and research are incredibly expensive, treatment is limited to those wealthy enough. Professional North-American athletes have led the way, being human guinea pigs for the non-invasive procedures in hopes of returning their bodies to their prime, pre-injury, form.Stem cell treatments are growing in popularity and legitimacy, and the use of embryonic stem cells shouldnt be limited as it c an only advance our species. Scientific tests and studies have proven limitless benefits to stem cell transplants, yet ethical concerns and moral-based laws are constrain what could be groundbreaking and life-saving science. There is possible potential for embryonic stem cells to be grown into whole, functional, organs or entire limbs of the human body.The uses could range from a ounded amputee war veteran in need of a new leg, or an elderly woman in need of a new kidney as hers is failing, and the possibilities are endless. Human fear of the unknown is instinctual, but as the realm of the previously impossible comes more into the lights of reality, we need to change our minds on the practicality and usefulness of cloning and embryonic stem cells. For our ailing parents, for our children, and our childrens children, we need to advance as a society, and take hold of the opportunities and benefits sitting right in front of us.

Extreme Weather Events In The Uk Environmental Sciences Essay

Extreme Weather Events In The Uk Environmental Sciences EssayIntro Global heating system is an undisputable cause of climate mixture in which the major cause of climate change is mostly induced by humans (anthropogenic), and not alone by the natural course of nature. The severity of its effects to weather conditions is always increasing day by day. Extreme weather conditions whitethorn range from floodings, heatwaves, droughts and different severe weather conditions. We argon now experiencing each year drier plus burning summer seasons cod to the increase in heat waves and world(prenominal) warming, whilst we feel warmer plus rainier winters as a result of increased rain, snow and hail precipitation. Even stormy weather is on the increase. 1- 4Who does it imprint? This b atomic number 18 of random innate weather conditions affects everyone in every national and local communities crosswise the world (even in the UK), particularly the most vulnerable people.. Disruption to t he linguistic rule farming conditions due to random climate change give cause an imbalance to the soil quality which will mean that crops will not be able to grow5, and fewer animals will be fit for consumption due to the increase of food poisoning and water borne diseases, therefore farmers will lose break through on potential job earnings. This will make farmers less likely to keep up with their bills and live less comfortably due to the overcomed income. At the same time, it will affect us as there will a shortage of good, nutritional food. They may resort to increasing food prices.Since farmers leave food for many different food companies, it could indirectly pose problems to companies regarding the supply of food and marketing of their food products.Drought which is the result of increasing global temperatures evict severely affect water supply companies. Water supply companies may increase their water usage prices by at least 5 percentage each year6 due to the drought a nd the ever increasing demand of water.Climate change and extreme weather throne affect our health and make us more than susceptible to much more illnesses than now and even cause death. Examples of illness conditions argon hay pyrexia, cataracts and skin cancer. It could even cause occurrences of Dengue fever and West Nile virus which are tropical diseases not normally found in the UK.7Temperature rises and heatwaves are becoming more frequent than usual. The Met Office conducted an interesting search which showed Englands highest temperature recorded in a day. One of the figures was particularly striking which was found in Kent from the southern part of England. It revealed that Kent had the highest temperature recorded in January 2003 which was 17.6 degrees, and 38.6 degrees in August 2003 exhibit a floor 21 degrees increase in just above 6 months.7 Such extreme temperatures can present health problems to these vulnerable people. When opened to heat long enough, Heat exhaus tion may result to these people and possibly may lead to dehydration and even heatstroke which is a emotional state threatening medical condition. Also, it will increase the amount of harmful UV radiation contacting our skins so increasing our skin cancer risk. Since Britain may experience make headway increase in temperatures in the near future, this problem needs much attention.Moreover, the heatwaves may induce power cuts and increase water demand which will affect everyone including business people. Technology and water are in ever increasing demand therefore disabling the available technology around us due to power cuts, more droughts and increasing water bills may cause severe problems in our ability to cope without them at work and leisure. Also if business buildings are severely damaged, they may build a new building at an otherwise site which may cost more money than minor repair. non only does it affect us humans, it affects plant and animal life too. More heatwaves and other severe weather conditions will increase the incidence of forest wildfires, pollution of river water and damage to habitats. This will harm the plant and animal wildlife and they may struggle to survive. It will ultimately lead to affecting our lifestyles in the long term.8Examples of detrimental cases In the UK (England and Wales), floods that occurred at Autumn in the year 2000 between October to November have resulted in massive redress which have costed at least 1.3 billion.1 That declension was the wettest autumn season ever recorded since 1766, demonstrating more than 500mm of rainfall between September to November, and insurance claims up to 3.5 billion were called for as a result of at least 10,000 flooded home(a)s.1, 3 .Another case in the UK that is increasing even today is in the farming industry. Due to climate change, there is now a fast growth of certain parasitic worms particularly the Helminth family that are affecting cattle and sheep livestock (affects b oth new-fangled and adult livestock). The most common Helminths are the roundworms (gastrointestinal nematodes) and the flatworms (flukes). The roundworms are thought to drastically re evoke far more quickly in higher temperatures and adapt very well to its surroundings due to its biotic potential and genetic diversity.9-10 This means that they can potentially thrive in all four seasons. Global Warming may increase mean periodical temperatures and therefore cause a upsurge in the reproducing rate of roundworms.9 A specific roundworm species called Teladorsagia grows really fast in the Spring and have been do heavy damage to young lambs and even death in South East Scotland.10 There had been an outbreak in 2004 of another specific roundworm called Nematodirus battus, which have adapted to the Scottish weather so that they grow not only in Summer but also Autumn and Winter. They have been seen in young and old lambs.10Furthermore, the European heatwave that the UK experienced in Au gust 2003 was the hottest heatwave ever recorded. Alto considerher in Europe, 20,000 people died because of the heatwave. Out of this, a minimum of 2,000 people from the UK died as a result of excessive heat. One third of the 2,000 deaths in the UK were associated with air pollution. It even affected roads, train services, water and energy suppliers plus farmers. 11 Not only that, home building foundations (subsidence) were being damaged due to the drying of water from the soil and building foundations causing cracks to form and non-level home foundations. The subsidence insurance claims soared up to 400 million. 12 pic of certain people types In the UK, the magnitude of Heatwaves and rising sea levels (which may lead to larger wave heights, more floods and faster coastal erosion) are rising. Heatwave effects may be particularly significant in the South and East parts of the UK. These extreme weather conditions pose certain vulnerable individuals who2, 4have downhearted income supp ort They cannot afford to buy accessories and other essential items that may help against short term and long term extreme weather problems.live in low quality constructed houses (particularly more found in coastal regions)- buildings will trap the heat, making their homes hotter and more susceptible to weaker house foundations.are elderly or quite young -more susceptibility to disease due to weaker immune systems.have poor health due to illness may increase their chances of catching other major or minor diseases, especially in cities.are isolated from social links finding environmental, social and emergency help may be harderlive near the coastal regions -particularly in the East part of England as these coast have low lying, soft sediment coasts that erode much more quicker.Who live in cities referred as urban heat islands, which means that urban areas produce more heat than countryside towns. Makes them more susceptible to illnesses and possibly cause city infrastructure pro blems.13Cause of severe climate change and science Many scientists agree that the major cause of the drastic climate change, global warming and extreme weather conditions are due to pollution mainly by certain human activities (anthropogenic) that emit glasshouse gases (nitrous oxide, water vapour, methane and degree Celsius dioxide (CO2)). Of course there are natural equilibriums such as the carbon cycle, newton cycle and the water cycle that tries to balance the levels of these gases. Also, the ozone layer (O3) helps protect us from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. But these natural equilibriums have been disturbed by human activities. So now temperatures and sea levels are rising (glaciers in the Antarctica are melting as proof). 14-20A few examples of the human activity that has damaged the natural cycles are14-20the cutting of trees (deforestation) increases the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to burning of trees. Trees are cardinal in the absorption o f carbon dioxide and water from the environment using the process called photosynthesis to release oxygen (O2) to the environment.driving cars, buses and other transport (especially airplanes) build-up of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere. Accounts for 21% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the UK.industrial cooling towers- increases the amount of heated water into the atmosphere.use of fertilisers and pesticides for farming the ones that contain nitrogen increase the levels of nitrogen in the biosphere via contamination of water due to heavy rainfall. Therefore it affects humans, fish and animals. Accounts for 8% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the UK.Burning of fossil fuels done to produce energy. The amplegest contributor in the UK of releasing greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (65%).aerosols that contain CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) the CFCs are sent to the atmosphere in which the UV radiation frees the chlorine from the CFC. This chlorine damages t he ozone (O3) layer in the atmosphere.Some may argue that natural causes are significant to the climate change effects. It is known that eruption of volcanoes, the output energy of the sun, oceanic currents and Earths orbit changes do contribute to this but only play a minor role.17,20Who can influence change? The UK Government can help with the palliation and adaptation strategies for sustainability development which includes social, environmental and economic improvements. Mitigation is trying to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases in order to reduce the temperature rises. Adaptation involves doing things differently in our lives to reduce the level of greenhouse gases. They must consult with other business leaders and organisations to ensure mitigation and adaptation strategies are implemented for sustainability.It could help the UK unemployment issue whilst component part biodiversity. However, greener solutions may require lots of financial and political help to implement t hem, which is the challenge. They need to use short and long term strategies for success.What currently is happening and what extras can be done?A study found that London was producing 44.71 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2008 from which major culprit the business workplaces contributed by a shocking 19.2 million tonnes of carbon dioxide(43% of total). Also, homes and transport were emitting large amounts of carbon dioxide. The Mayor of Londons mitigation strategy to climate change is to lower London CO2 levels by 60% for 2025. It is currently under public consultation but sounds promising. The mitigation programmes include REFIT, RECONNECT, RENEW, the Green500, Electric Vehicle Rollout and Operation Decentralised Energy. It will involve installing new energy saving technology at businesses and homes, encouraging community to reduce CO2 levels, recycling waste into energy and get 1,000 electric vehicles and more. 21Advantages are that it explores different ways that can bring a change in CO2 levels so results can be seen relatively quick, it may provide many jobs in a variety of sectors for the unemployed as it is a concerning issue in the UK, the scheme is easy to follow, helps people save more money in the long term.It may have problems with the project being expensive and refuelling electric or hydrogen fuelled vehicles as it may take longer.Overcoming resistance needs more public awareness about the expediencys, business and public role models to show public being greener is possible, and easy.The Queen made a livery recently in which she said that policies and legislations of the energy security and green economy Bill are to be introduced and implemented by the Government into homes and business across the UK. This will enable more use of energy efficient technology whilst ensuring management of energy supply to keep up with energy demand, reduce greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide, encourage people to coincide with the demands set by the G overnment, and fund more projects that help the economy whilst reducing greenhouse gases via the Green coronation Bank.22 This sounds like a good idea for mitigation and adaptation towards climate change.In the UK, Business and Government Leaders like David Cameron need to encourage greener jobs for benefit of the environment, economy and society. Unemployment quench is a big issue across the world. Many people including graduates are claiming unemployment benefits and are unable to find work due to the recognition crunch. Women are especially finding it difficult. In March 2011, the number of men on the benefits are 988,200 whilst number of women are 462,300.23Recently, The Green Economy Council have fetched big business leaders (eg. Joe Greenwell, chairman of Ford UK) in its council to provide professional advice to the Government on policies that affect green business infrastructure, investment and regulation. They are panorama up policies like Green Deal which may open a tho usand new jobs. But policies need to be clearer on low carbon economy. 24-26They have not considered solar energy which has the potential to thrive. Mazhar Bari of SolarPrint said in 10 years, it could create 10,000 jobs, 1 billion of exports and 140 million of annual appraise revenue.27Public Biodiversity awareness needs to be more focused in the UK particularly to the medium/low class people due to low income. veritable celebrities can probably help with this. Solutions need to be easy, practical, involve little effort and cheap.Health adaptation policies look good like the Heatwave Plan, Climate agitate Act 2008 and the Annual Public Health Report of the Director of Public Health 2010 have been introduced to help healthcare professionals and public adapt to climate change and help health sector Government bodies and media to raise awareness of solutions. Also, diet and health advice to public is given by healthcare professionals. 28,29As far as farming is concerned in the UK, the Common Agricultural Policy needs to be reviewed again by DEFRA to convince the Government the benefits of the scheme.30Funding cuts to UK flood disproof may have serious consequences as those seen in November 2010 at Cornwall where 5 million poor people were at risk from flood damage. I figure some property insurance cover and belongings can help in advance of flooding event so that less money is exhausted in aid. 31Conclusion Much effort still needs to be done by everyone, although the Government and others have actively tried to reach sustainable development through mitigation and adaptive approaches. They seem to be in the correct frame of mind but farming and flood aid strategies still needs to be tackled.

Bark Extract Mediated Green Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis

Bark Extract Mediated Green Silver Nanoparticles SynthesisBark extract mediated green price reduction of atomic number 47 nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy A low cost effective synthesis routeDebasis Nayak, Sarbani Ashe, Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Manisha Singh, Bismita NayakAbstractIn this current investigation we report the biosynthesis authorization of the utter extracts of Ficus benghalensis and Azadirachta indica for the synthesis of argent nanoparticles without use all external reducing or capping agent. The occurrence of dark brown color indicated the perform synthesis of the silver nanoparticles which was validated by the absorbance peak in UV-Vis spectroscopy. The sound structure of the synthesizingd particles was characterized by scanning negatron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns clearly illustrated the guileless phase of the synthe surfaced nanoparticles. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transfo rm Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was performed to identify the fibre of various functional groups in the nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized sliver nanoparticles showed promising results against gravitational constant negative and gram positive pathogens which could have a broad therapeutic role against multiple drug resistant bacteria.Keywords Green synthesis, silver nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), antimicrobialIntroductionSilver, a noble metal maintains its exceptional optical and electronic properties in quantum size 1-2 which paved its crotchet towards the nano regime. The interest in silver nanoparticles gained prominence owing to its ex cellular phoneent plasmonic activity, bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects compared with the other metal nanoparticles and its versatile exercising in dentistry, clothing, catalysis, mirrors, optics, photography, electronics, and in the food industry 3.Con ventional physical and chemical methods for stable nanomaterial synthesis present the problem of nanoparticle aggregation, harsh reaction conditions and the toxicity of the reagents used. So for synthesis of monodispersed and stable nanoparticles with trim back toxicity concerns new synthetic routes based on green chemistry principles have been explored 4, 5. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green chemistry principles maximizes safety and efficiency, and minimises the environmental and societal impact of toxic raw materials. Green synthesis of nanoparticles focuses on three important aspects i.e. (i) use of green solvents, (ii) use of an eco-friendly benign reducing agent, and (iii) use of a nontoxic material as a stabilizer 6. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using various plant extract has been reported 4, 7. The extracts contains antithetic enzymes/proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, poly phenols, etc., which act as both reducing and capping agents d uring the nanoparticle synthesis 8. Ficus benghalensis commonly known as banyan is an evergreen tree found tout ensemble over India and belongs to the family Moraceae. Its various parts are used in ayurveda for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, rheumatism and as an astringent, haemostatic and antiseptic agent. The bark has been reported to contain leucopelargonidin-3-O--L rhamnoside, leucocynidin-3-O--D galactosyl cellobioside, glucoside, beta glucoside, pentatriacontan-5-one, beta sitostero--D-glucose 9-13. Azadirachta indica (family- Meliaceae) is commonly called as village dispensary in traditional medicine as the tree has its efficacy in every disease. Different compounds have been uninvolved from the bark extract such as Nimbin, Nimbinin, Deacetyl nimbin, Nimbinene, 6-Deacetyl nimbinene, Nimbandiol, polysaccharides G1A, G1B, G2A, G3A, NB-2 peptidoglucan 14-17. The neem bark has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti malarial, antioxidant and anticancer activi ty 18.Various plants parts have been used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles but rarely the barks have been used. In the present chew over the barks of Ficus bengalensis and Azadirachta indica have been employed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The leaves of Azadirachta were used as a reference sample as much work has been already been done on the qualification of A. indica leaves for synthesis of Ag-NPs 19.Experimental SectionSilver nitrate, Mueller Hinton agar and Mueller Hinton broth of analytical grade were purchased from Hi-Media laboratories and deionised weewee was used throughout the experiment.Preparation of bark extractThe barks of F. benghalensis and A. indica were collected from the campus of NIT, Rourkela. They were washed properly with deionised pee to remove any traces of dust and impurities. The bark extract of F. benghalensis and A. indica was prepared by dissolving 5g of the bark powder with 50 ml of distilled water and boiled in a water bath at 50C for 1 hour. The extracts were filtered using whatman filter paper and unplowed at 4C until used.Synthesis of silver nanoparticles90 ml of silver nitrate solution (1M) was mixed with 10 ml of bark extract and the reaction mixture was kept in a water bath at different temperature conditions (20, 40, 60 and 80C) till the occurrence of the dark reddish color of the reaction mixture. After the color change deduction the nanoparticle solutions were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 45 min (C24-BL centrifuge, REMI, India) thrice with successive washing with distilled water to remove any traces of un-utilized bark phyto-constituents. The resultant pellet was lyophilized and stored for yet characterizations.CharacterizationTo investigate the ideal temperature and time required for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles the reaction mixture was monitored periodically in a UV-visible spectrophotometer (Lambda 35 (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MS, USA)) operated at a resolution of 1 nm at room temp erature scanned in the wavelength range of 400-600 nm. The hydrodynamic (Z-Average) size, polydispersity superpower (PDI) and bug out zeta potential (charge) of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by Zeta sizer (Zs 90, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK) and the results were obtained by the Malvern ZS nano software. The morphology of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (Jeol 6480LV jsm microscope). The nanoparticles were fixed on adequate support and coated with platinum using platinum sputter module in a higher vacuum evaporator. Observations under different magnifications were performed at 20kv. Further morphological studies were done by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Dimension D3100, Veeco) in disturb mode under normal atmospheric conditions. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of silver nanoparticles was obtained using X-ray diffractometer (PANalytical XPert, Almelo, The Netherlands) equipped with Ni filter an d Cu K (l = 1.54056 ) radiation source. The diffraction angle was varied in the range of 20-80 degrees while the scanning rate was 0.05degree/s. The Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR- FTIR) spectroscopy digest was conducted to corroborate the possible role of the various phytochemicals present in the bark extract on the surface modification of the synthesized nanoparticles. The ATR- FTIR was performed on a Bruker ALPHA spectrophotometer (Ettlinger, Germany) with a resolution of 4 cm-1. The samples were scanned in the spectral region amidst 4000 and 500 cm-1 by taking an average of 25 scans per sample. 1 drop of sample was kept of the sample holder and the samples were scanned and the result obtained was analyzed through OPUS software.Antimicrobial activityThe antimicrobial activity of the green synthesized AgNPs against the nosocomial Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and vibrio cholerae were investigated by agar well diffusion method. Briefly, the pathogenic strains were grown on Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) (HI-MEDIA, Mumbai) at 37C for 24 hours. The colony forming unit (CFU) was familiarised to 2.5 X 10-5 CFU by adjusting it with 0.5 McFarland constant and observing the OD at 600 nm in a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer 20. Then, the stains were swabbed onto Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) plate (in triplicates) and wells were formed by using a cork borer. 100l of the synthesized AgNPs were added to each well having a concentration of 1000g/ml and the plates were incubated at 37C for 24 hours. The mean surface area of the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured in mm.Results and discussionThe optimal temperature and time required for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-vis spectra results are an indirect and most efficient method for detecting the formation of the nanoparticle. The reaction process was followe d by observing the color change as well as the absorbance maxima peak in the range of 420-460 nm. Fig. 1 shows the time taken for the total synthesis of the nanoparticles when the reaction mixture was incubated at 80 C. The engrossment peaks were observed at 426 nm and 420 nm for the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively within 30 minutes of incubation suggesting a very rapid synthesis route. The occurrence of the absorption peak is due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) property of the metallic nanoparticles which occurs due to the oscillation of free electrons on the surface of the metallic nanoparticles when they queue in resonance to the wavelength of irradiated light 21.Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies were conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic size, poly dispersity index and surface zeta potential of the synthesised silver nanoparticles in a colloidal aqueous environment. When dispersed in a medium the particles move due to the Brownian motion which is measured by the fluctuations in the intensity of scattered light from which the translational diffusion co-efficient is calculated by applying the Stokes-Einstein equation which gives the hydrodynamic size of the particle 22. Fig. 2 (a,b) shows the size of the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica which were 85.95 nm and 90.13 nm respectively. The poly dispersity index (PDI) is the measure of the width of the particle size distribution calculated from a cumulants analysis of the DLS measured intensity autocorrelation function where a single particle size is assumed and a single exponential fit is applied to the autocorrelation function 23. The PDI value 0 represents monodisperse distribution where as value 1 represents polydisperse distribution. Fig. 2 (c, d) shows the surface zeta potential of the synthesized silver nanoparticles from the respective bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. Zeta potential is a measure of the magnitude of the electrostatic or charge repulsion or attraction between particles in a liquid suspension. It is one of the essential parameters for characterization of st expertness of the nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Particles with zeta potentials more positive than +30 mV and more negative than 30 mV are normally considered stable for colloidal dispersion in the absence of steric stabilization. 24. Table.1 shows the hydrodynamic size, PDI and zeta potential of the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica.Fig. 3 shows the typical image of the surface morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roughly spherical surface morphology of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was clearly illustrated by the SEM micrographs. Fig. 4 shows the pictographs of the 3D surface morphology and size analysis graphs obtained from atomic force microscopy ( AFM). The size obtained from the AFM pictographs in the contact mode from the line analysis measurement by using the SPMLab programmed Veeco diInnova software were 68 nm and 7.38 nm for silver nanoparticles synthesized from bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively.X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a non-destructive technique to identify the crystalline phase, orientation and tittle size of the synthesized nanoparticles. Fig. 5 shows a typical XRD diffractogram showing Bragg peaks (angle 2) at 32.19, 38.15, 44.28, 64.46, 77.37 and 32.11, 37.96, 44.18, 64.37, 77.23 for the silver nanoparticles synthesised from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica respectively which corresponds to (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222) miller indices thus, confirming the formation of face centred cubic (FCC) crystalline elemental silver indexed with the JCPDS data 04-0783. Many undelegate peaks were seen which might be due to the crystallization of the bioorganic phases that occur on the surface of the synthesised nanoparticles 25-26. The average grain size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined by using Scherers eqn d= K/ cos where, d is the mean diameter of the particle K is the shape cipher (0.9) is the X-ray radiation source (0.154 nm) is (/180)* FWHM and is the Bragg angle 27 which was approx. 29 nm and 39 nm for the silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica.The ATR-FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the chemical regeneration that occurred during the interaction between the functional groups present in bark extract and formation of the nanoparticles. Fig. 6 shows a typical ATR-FTIR spectrum of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica. Nearly kindred peaks were observed in both the synthesized silver nanoparticles some of which occurred at 3590 cm-1, 3340 cm-1, 2310 cm-1, 1693cm-1, 1519cm-1 and 615 cm-1 for silver n anoparticles synthesized from the bark extract of F. benghalensis and 3617cm-1, 3332cm-1, 2319cm-1, 1663 cm-1, 1523 cm-1, 1523 cm-1 and 635cm-1 absorption peaks occurred for silver nanoparticles synthesised by bark extracts of A. indica. The absorption peaks were assigned to the presence of the following functional groups O-H stint (presence of alcohols and phenols), N-H stretching (presence of primary and secondary amines), C N stretching (presence of nitriles), C=C stretching (presence of aromatic rings) and C-H stretching (presence of alkynes). From fig 4 it can be clearly seen that the O-H and N-H functional group has a clear role in the fabrication of silver nanoparticles which are the main constitutional groups present in the flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols. Although the exact mechanism for the reduction of silver nanoparticles is not know Ajitha et al proposed that the flavonoids present in T. purpurea leaf extract may act as powerful reducing agent and the carboxylate g roup present in the proteins may act as surfactant to attach on the surface of the nanoparticles resulting in their stabilization during the synthesis reaction 28. The results obtained from the mangrove leaf bud extract of R. mucronata 29 were quite similar to our ATR-FTIR results thus furnishing a coherent role of the bark extract as reducing and capping agents to prevent agglomeration of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.The antibacterial potential of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by the agar well diffusion assay. Fig. 7 shows well outlined zones of inhibition (diameter in mm) against gram positive strains of Bacillus subtilis and gram negative strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholera when 100l of 1000g/ml of the synthesized nanoparticles were supplied to the agar wells (9mm). In this experiment the silver nanoparticles synthesized from the leaves extract of A. indica was used as a standard as its antimicrobial potential has alrea dy been show by Nazeruddin et al 19. Our results show slightly higher zone of inhibition against gram negative strains as compared to gram positive isolates. This may be attributed to differences in structure and composition of cell wall between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The thin peptidoglycan layer enveloped by the lipopolysaccharide layer lacks strength and rigidity, facilitating well-fixed penetration of silver nanoparticles into the cells. While a gram positive bacterium possesses a thick and rigid peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall which makes the accounting entry of silver nanoparticles into the cell difficult 30. Though the antimicrobial activity is very prominent by the silver nanoparticles, its mode of action is still debatable. It has been proposed that silver nanoparticles has the ability to attach with the bacterial cell membrane causing structural changes in its membrane leading to the formation of pits where they accumulate 31. Feng et al and Matsum ura et al proposed that silver nanoparticles going away silver ions which interact with the thiol groups of many enzymes thus inactivating most of the respiratory chain enzymes leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which causes the self destruction of the bacterial cell 32-33. According to Morones et al., silver acts as soft acid which acts upon the sulphur and phosphorus bases of DNA and inactivates its replication and thus inactivating the nuclear machinery of the cell 34.ConclusionThe present study on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through the bark extracts of F. benghalensis and A. indica is a novel, cost-effective, environmental friendly route of synthesis having large scale production ability where no additional reducing agents or capping agents were employed for the reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were highly crystalline, roughly spherical in shape having mean grain size of 29 and 39 nm each. Th us with further modifications these synthesized nanoparticles can be used as suitable candidates for biomedical applications and as therapeutics for targeted drug delivery with token(prenominal) side effects. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against the gram negative and the gram positive bacterial strains which could boost them as antimicrobial agents with the twenty-four hour period to day emerging cases of multiple drug resistant pathogens.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Archana Mallick, Dept of Metallurgical Materials Engineering for helping in AFM images and NIT, Rourkela for supporting and funding the current research work.

Impact of Green Marketing on Young Consumers

Impact of reverse lightning merchandising on Young ConsumersINTRODUCTIONThis theater of operations provides an overview of putting surface trade (is also cognize as ethnical and environmental marketing), the impact of immature marketing towards the new consumers in Malaysia. The first part covers section on interrogation problem, research objectives and research questions.RESEARCH BACKGROUNDThroughout the twentieth century, many technologies and business practices contrive contributed to the destruction of the very ecological systems on which the economy and life itself depends, including toxic contamination, depletion of fisheries and forests, deformity erosion, and biodiversity loss (Ottman et al.,2006). Many companies and consumers argon beginning to respond to programs to help conserve the Earths natural resources, and jet marketing is making a comeback (Ottman et al., 2006). Business charge researchers Stuart Hart and Mark Milstein argue that the emerging challenge of global sustainability is catalyzing a new round of creative destruction that offers unprecedented opportunities for new environmentally comminuted innovations, markets, and products (Ottman et al., 2006).The progress of environmentalism in a country has satisfying role in changing consumers leveraging demeanor as well as changing companys strategies to much environmental friendly. accord to Kotler and Armstrong (2008), the first wave of modern environment and quality of life by environmental group and concerned consumers whereas second wave which passed truth and regulations governing practices impacting the environment. At the moment, environmentalism waves is merging into a third and stronger wave in which companies atomic number 18 accepting responsibility for doing no environmental harm by adopting policies of environmental and sustain environment and produce profit (Kolter et al, 2008).PROBLEM STATEMENTThe emerging trend of Go Green in the global is becoming more sign ifi houset to the society in line with the growing aw atomic number 18ness of global warming is accelerating, and the cognition that it is posing a serious threat to humanity and the worlds environment (Star Publications (M) Bhd, 1995-2011). According to Our kelvin world research report 2008 survey conducted by global insight and information group TNS, United Kingdom and other European countries are showing high interest in adopting changes in lifestyle and behaviour in the past to benefit the environments. The environmentalism in Asian countries especially for Thailand and Singapore are even more distinct by the society adaptation in environmental protection and green purchases through the effort of judicatures. On the aspect of eco-friendliness of habits and behaviours moreover 8% of Malaysian respondents responded they have changed their behaviour in a great deal to benefit the environment (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). Despite the social adaptation of environmental usa nce is rising, research indicates that many green products have failed because of marketers myopic focus on their products greenness over the broader expectations of consumers or other market players (such as regulators or activists) (Ottman et al., 2006).On the other hand, Tully and Schonfeld (1994) found that one-year-old person consumers showing high concerned with social issues, particularly environmentalism. Many products are begin to tailored to suit young consumers as this group is representing a new generation of consumers with a strong potential impact on the fount of goods and services offered in the market ( sunburn Lau, 2009). It is undeniable that young consumers play a comparatively important consumers segment in the market as many researchers have been studying the behaviour and white plague patterns of this group which are the future marketing planners, policy makers and the new educators of the new economy.Therefore, the research is striving to find out how you ng consumers in Malaysia aware of green marketing? Does green marketing movementively changes the adaptation of green purchases among young consumers?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objectives of this study are as followingTo review the concept of green marketing in consumer market.To analyse the environmental awareness, positioning and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia.To evaluate the way that young consumers aware of green marketing.RESEARCH QUESTIONWhat is the concept of green marketing in consumer market?What are the extent of environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge of young consumers in Malaysia?How the young consumers aware of green marketing? epochal OF STUDYThe study aims to contribute the understanding of how young consumers perceived almost green marketing in Malaysia. The research leave behind examined the level of awareness of young consumers towards green marketing whether it forget leads to affirmative environmental knowledge and attitude in making purchase s. At the end of research, it is believed to provide some insights to green marketers regarding how they can expand their operation in Asia especially in Malaysia (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011).LITERATURE REVIEWGreen marketingGreen marketing is defined as holistic marketing concepts where in the production, marketing consumption and disposal of products and services happen in a manner that is less detrimental to environment with growing awareness about the implications of global warming, non-biodegradable solid waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc (Tariq Ahmad, 2010). Kotler Armstrong (2008) defined it as an organized movement of concerned citizens and government to protect and elevate peoples living environment. The concept is commencement to popularize in many countries and companies as a cognitive persuasion strategies to involve environmental costs into the consumers end process (Suplico, Luz T, 2009) especially in their purchases of goods and services. Marke ters ever coined the term ecological marketing, green marketing, environmental marketing, eco-marketing and sustainable marketing (Coddington, 1993, Fuller, 1998 and Ottman, 1998) as a label of the greenness of their product and services.Despite many agree with the compelling function of green marketing, green products is subdued remained as niche goods attributed to marketers selling strategy which only to committed ethical consumers without the aid of main flowing marketing techniques (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Thus, many companies has started to admit green concept in advertizing as a way to connect consumers with their environmental friendly product and services.Green exotericizeGreen advertising is known as environmental advertising which include popular terms such as recyclable, environmentally friendly, ozone safe and biodegradable (Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Consumers reaction towards green advertising whitethorn turn out to be effecti ve when the products meet their needs and aligns with their values (e.g saving money on fuel and increasing childrens safety) (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). rough consumers response negatively towards the messages in green advertising due to the credibility of green advertising is relatively low (Kilbourne, 1995) which is insufficient for attitudes change towards the advertisement leads to changes in fault attitudes (Gorn 1982 Lutz, Mac Kenzie and Belch, 1983 Mitchell and Olson, 1981). However, the study of Davis (1993) revealed that consumers weak response to environmental advertising is not the consequence of consumers un leaveingness to take action and change their behaviour to purchase green products rather consumers are un leaveing to change their purchase behaviour given the manner in which green products have been promoted and advertised (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). However, many authors believe advertising works well when it tries to appe al to those values that drive consumer decision processes (Josephine Pickett-Baker, Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008) Hawkins et al. (1998) explain how the emotional content in advertisements increases attention, a critical step in the perception process. Emotional messages may be processed more thoroughly and remembered better as a result of increased alertness. It is reasonable to assume that advertising green products using emotional content would be more successful (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Mendleson (1994) even commented that marketers should emphasize the ecological knowledge in their organizations, their products and their advertising in order to execute the goal of changing the consumer purchasing behaviour (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011)Young consumersGeneration Y is the prevalent group of young consumers born between the years of 1980-1994 (Halstead, K, 2006 cited in Tee, 2007) which has great purchasing power than any prior generation and it will h eavily influence markets in the near future (Martin and Turley). Gen Y learns to shop at young age will eventually shape their shopping behaviour as adults (Ward, as cited in Halstead K, 2006). Therefore, it came as no surprise that many marketing and promotional efforts are targeted at this group of growing young consumers (Tan Lau, 2009) from consumer acceptance of unethical consumptions). Pratt et al. (1983) in their study found that young consumers often differ from elderly consumers in terms of their moral thinking (Tan Lau, 2009). This group of people are more open minded and strongly influence what happens in their homes (Josephine Pickett-Baker and Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008)Young consumers purchase decisionAccording to Kotler and Armstrong, consumer purchase decision involves three study components inputs, process and output (). The input consists of both internal and external influences. The output component involves the purchase behaviour and the post-purchase evaluation. The process component involves the psychological field such as motivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes (Kotler Armstrong, 2008 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The study followed the proposed model of consumer decision-making process used in Luz T. Suplico (2009) that involves inputs, process and the output. Inputs will include environmental attitude, knowledge and the extent of awareness to green marketing (Peter Olson, 2009 cited in Luz T. Suplico, 2009). The expected output is the whether the consumers choose to purchase the product.Green consumptionGreen consumption defined as contradicted as consumer concerns about the environment do not necessarily behave in a green way in general, or in their purchasing (Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). Green consumption began when consumers purchase behaviour is influenced by environmental concerns (Shrum, McCarty Lowrey, 1995 cited in Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005). Study found that people who are enviro nmentally conscious do not necessarily behave pro-environmentally for example, people might throw rubbish away when most people around them do so (reactive process, as opposed to intentional decision making (Ohtomo and Hirose, 2007 cited in Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008). In most cases, consumer will experience an improvement of environmental quality only when major sectors of the global population pursue generalized green consumer behaviour. Thus, the perceived individual customer benefit might not be a sufficiently effective motivation to green purchasing (Belz and Dyllik, 1996 cited in Patrick Hartmann, Vanessa Apaolaza Ibez, 2006).Environmental AwarenessEnvironmental awareness and behaviours were found to be influenced by values, attitudes and knowledge (Haron et al, 2005). German scholars of Pakistan have added that the buyers level of awareness will affect attitude to environmental protection, the attitude of the environmental protection will affect the attitud e of his green lifestyle, people with positive attitude of green lifestyle will involved in the purchase of green product and consumption activities (Juan Zhang, 2010, p.178). Unfortunately, in the case of Malaysia, the environmental awareness is still very low from the view of the importance of separating household solid waste and involvement in recycling programmes (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428).Environmental AttitudeAttitudes are the most agreeable explanatory factor in predicting consumers willingness to pay for green products (Chyong et al., 2006 cited in Tan, Lau, 2010, p.30). Consumers product purchasing decisions are often based on their environmental attitudes (Irland, 1993 Schwepker and Cornwell, 1991 cited in Tan Lau, 2010). Environmental attitude is defined as the individuals value judgement of environmental protection which taps the individuals cognitive assessment of the value of the environmental protection (Lee, 2008 cited in Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al, 2011). However, the demand and attitudes for green products is likely to be uneven across different market segments and cultures (Ottman Peattie, 1992 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid 2011) which need to be closely study.Environmental intimacyIn numerous studies, knowledge is an important factor in consumers decision-making process. Cohen (1973) commented that green marketing activities had play an important influence on increasing consumer knowledge and in duty period consumer into purchasing green products (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). Findings of Gendall et al reveals that men tended to have more knowledge than women younger people tended to be more knowledgeable than older people and the high the level of education, the higher the level of knowledge (Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N. 2005, p.428). However, they concluded that generally the overall level of knowledge of Malaysian teenagers is low, especially among those studying in the arts stream compared with those studying in the sciences stream. (Haron, S.A., Palm, L., Yahaya, N., 2005, p.428). Bradley et al. (1999) commented that environmental education is able to create environmental awareness and promote environmentally responsible behaviour (cited in Tan, Lau, 2009). Malaysian government has been promoting sustainable consumption practices among the public in various strategies. Social advertising is one of the approaches of Malaysian government to educate and foster environmental concern among the public (Haron et al., 2005).HYPOTHESISReferencing from the existing literature, it is thus hypothesized thatHI Green marketing has a positiveH2H3RESEARCH METHODOLOGYTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIndependent Variabledependent VariableImpact of Green Marketing on Purchase Behaviour of Young Consumers in MalaysiaEnvironmental AwarenessEnvironmental AttitudeEnvironmental KnowledgeRESEARCH DESIGNFor the purpose of this study, descriptive research will be undertaken using quanti tative methodology to examine the impact of green marketing on young consumers purchase decision, environmental awareness, attitude and knowledge.SAMPLING DESIGNTarget PopulationThe target population for this study will be the under graduate, graduate and postgraduate students age ranging 18 to 25 years old. The reason of choosing individuals above this age is because they are familiar with purchasing of products and are also empowered in their decisions for choosing the right items between many available choices, in that respectfore, considerate to environmental issues in their purchasing behaviour (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011). ingest TechniqueIn this study, cluster try out is deployed as it is a type of probability sampling where a random of subgroups is selected and all members of the subgroups become part of the sample (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010). By using probability sampling technique, the research findings can be generali zed to the target population with a specified level of confidence (Hair et al., 2007).The advantage of cluster sampling is able to enhance sampling efficiency improved by decreasing cost at a faster rate than accuracy. The limitation of cluster sampling is resulted in relatively imprecise samples, and it is difficult to form heterogeneous cluster because, for example, household in a block tend to be similar rather than dissimilar (David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, George S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010).Sampling locationThe questionnaire survey will be conducted in four private colleges or universities in Klang Valley in order to enhance the results of the findings.Sampling sizeThe sampling size involved in this study will be 400 participants either in private colleges or universities in Klang Valley. information COLLECTIONThe data collections of this study consist of primary data and secondary data. Primary data will be collected through the distribution of questionnaires. crowd P. Neelanka vil (2007) stated that secondary data collection is an important step in the research process because it is the key to accomplishing low cost research programme. The secondary data is retrieved from different websites, newspaper, magazines, journal articles database such as Emerald insight and Anglia Ruskin e-library which is both permanent and available in a form that may be checked relatively easily by other (Denscombe, 1998 cited in Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007). However, the secondary data might fails to provide the information that appropriate to answer the research questions or research objectives will result in invalid answers (Kelvin, 1999 cited Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007)PILOT STUDYAccording to Zikmund, et al (2010) the questionnaire has to be pretested to ensure the respondents understand the intended meaning of the questions as well as checking the problems attached in the wording and measurement. Thus, pilot study will be conducted by ci rculating 200 questionnaires among universities or colleges which the result is important to check the dependability and suitability the instrument.MEASURESThe questionnaire will be divided into four sections. The first section will include demographic information which adapted from the study of Fong (2006) on environmental orientation of consumers in Malaysia (Nabsiah Abdul Wahid et al., 2011). The second section include theThe third section of the questionnaire measuring on the respondents environmental attitude, the respondents environmental awareness and respondents green purchasing behaviour based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) and (1 = never, 5 = always) is used in the study of Nik Abdul Rashid and Elham Rahbar and Nabisha Abdul Wahid.DATA ANALYSISFor this research, the data will be processed using statistical techniques which include factor analysis, descriptive analysis, and multiple regression analysis.Factor AnalysisFactor analysis w hich is one type of multivariate analysis is used to define the underlying structure called factors among the multivariates in the analysis (Hair et al., 2007). Factor analysis will performed using the all the variables in this study to test whether the concept is correctly theorized.Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive analysis involved summarizing and transforming the data into an understandable and interpretable mode (Zikmund et al., 2010). Descriptive analysis will be utilized in most parts of the analysis using mean and standard deviation of variables to help researchers understand the respondents perception of variables and other detailed analysis that were performed (Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011).Multiple Regression AnalysisMultiple regression analysis will be performed to analyze the relationship between a dependent variable and independent variables and addressed hypothesis (Coakes and Steed, 2001 Hair et al., 1998 cited in Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2 011). The control variables to be analyse included age and educational level of respondents whom constantly influenced by environmental knowledge (Haron et al, 2005).LIMITATIONSThere are few limitations in this study. Firstly, the main limitation is the study will opened for colleges or universities students in Klang Valley only. Therefore, the result may not be appropriate to generalize finding to all young consumers in Malaysia.TIME SCALESREFERENCESAfzaal Ali, Athar Ali Khan, Israr Ahmed Waseem Shahzad, 2011. Determinants of Pakistani Consumers Green Purchase Behavior Some Insights from a Developing Country. International ledger of Business and Social Science e-journal 2(3) procurable at Accessed 18 April 2011.Clare DSouza Mehdi Taghian, 2005. Green advertising affect on attitude and theme. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics e-journal 17(3) on hand(predicate) through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 13 February 2011.David A. Aaker, V. Kumar, Geo rge S Day, Robert P. Leone, 2010. Marketing research. John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd Asia.Elham Rahbar and Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, 2011. Investigation of green marketing tools effect on consumers purchase behaviour. Business Strategy Series. e-journal 12(2) Available through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 13 March 2011.Hair, J.F.Jr., Money, A.H., Samouel, P., Page, M., 2007. Research methods for business. Chichester John Wiley Sons Ltd.Haron, S.A., Palm, L. Yahaya, N. 2005. Towards sustainable consumption an examination of environmental knowledge among Malaysians. Online Available at Accessed 10 April 2011.James P. Neelankavil, 2007. International business research, M.E.Sharpe, Inc New York.Josephine Pickett-Baker Ritsuko Ozaki, 2008. Pro-environmental products marketing influence on consumer purchase decision. Journal of Consumer Marketing e-journal 25(5) Available through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 12 April 2011.Juan Zhang, 2010. Gree n Marketing Strategy Analysis of Real Estate Based on Low-Carbon Economy. online Available at Accessed 1 April 2011.Kaman Lee, 2008. Opportunities for green marketing young consumers. Marketing Intelligent Planning e-journal 26(6) Available through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 4 February 2011.Kaman Lee, 2011. The Green Purchase Behaviour of Hong Kong Young Consumers The Role of Peer influence, Local Environmental Involvement and concrete Environment Knowledge. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. e-journal 23(1), Abstract only. Available through Informa plc database Accessed 4 April 2011.Kotler, P., Armstrong. G et al., 2008. Principles of Marketing, 5th ed. FT Prentice Hall Harlow.Kotler, P., Keller, L., Brady, M., Goodman, M. And Hansen, T., 2009. Marketing Management, Pearson Education Limited Harlow.Luz T. Suplico., 2009. Impact of green marketing on the students purchase decision.online Available at Accessed 4 April 2011.Margaret K. Hogg Margaret Bruce Alexander J. Hill, 1998. Fashion brand preferences among young consumers. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management e-journal 26(8) Available through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 4 April 2011.Nabsiah Abdul Wahid, Elham Rahbar Tan, S.S., 2011. Factors influencing the green purchase behaviour of Penang Environmental Volunteers. onlineAvailable at Accessed 20 April 2011.Nancy Engelhardt Furlow Cynthia Knott. Whos Reading the Label? Millennias Use of Environmental harvest-time Labels. online Available at Accessed 1 April 2011.Ottman, J.A., Edwin R. Stafford, E.R., Hartman, C.L., 2006. Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia. online Available at 13 March 2011.Patrick Hartmann, Vanessa Apaolaza Ibez, 2006. Green value added. Marketing Intelligence Planning e-journal 24(7) Available through Emerald Group Publishing Limited database Accessed 12 April 2011.Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A., 2007.Research method for business studies, 4th ed, FT Prentice Hall Harlow.Star Publications (M) Bhd, 1995-2011.Green initiative. (Updated 11 July 2009) online Available at Accessed 4 February 2011.StartupNation, LLC, 2011 Marketing to Gen Y What you cant afford not to know. Online Available at http//www.startupnation.com/business-articles/9011/1/marketing-GenY.htm Accessed 23 March 2011.Tan, B.C., Lau, T.C, 2009. Examining sustainable consumption patterns of young consumers is there a cause for concern. online Available at Accessed 23 March 2011.Tan, B.C., Lau, T.C, 2010. Attitude towards the environment and green products consumers perspective. online Available at 13 March 2011.Tariq Ahmad, 2010. The New Age Marketing Book. online Available at 13 March 2011.Tee, S.C, 2007. A critical analysis on brand loyalty of generation Y towards Athletic wear brand in Klang Valley. Degree. KBU International College.

Essay examples --

In psychology intelligence if often debated, but there are many different views on what intelligence is. Some say you encounter to have a wide range of abilities. Other opinions are intelligence is strictly based on upon the knowledge of subjects. For example Charles Spearman and Louis Thurstone had different views on the topic. These both men differed in opinion on how IQ and intelligence should be measured. They also had different opinions on what made a person smart. In give to examine this they first had to understand the human brain and how it works. They had to examine the human study habits along with the human test taking habits. Spearman thought that if all psychic tests are mutually related then there is some common factor that causes this. Spearman developed a method called factor analysis that shows that these mutual transaction between mental might tests were the direct result of a common factor among them. Spearman used factor analysis to prove that certain groups of mental ability tests can measure a common mental ability. In the 1900s Charles Spearman came up with the t...

battle for the muddy mississippi :: essays research papers

Battle for the Muddy Mississippi"Take Cover" This phrase was used daily as the citizens of Vicksburg scattered from the fall of mortars by Union guns. Vicksburg, Mississippi is a city in the heartland of the deep South. It sits on high bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River near the mouth of the Yazoo River. Settled in 1790, Vicksburg was and is an important shipping and trading center (Leonard 40). During the Civil War, Vicksburg was a key factor in the control of the entire Mississippi River. afterwards the surrender of Natchez, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans, the Union wanted Vicksburg. The city wouldnt go easy. "Mississippians dont know, and refuse to learn how to surrender"(Ward 420). Confederates fortified it with guns and field artillery to keep the city out of the Unions hands. The Union knew it wasnt going to be easy. In the siege of Vicksburg, Farragut tried to take the city, buckle under took over, and he seized the city.General Farragut, a Union gener al, reaches Vicksburg on May 26, 1862. His ships fired 20 shots and continued down stream. The following day Farragut returned and bombarded the city for 12 hours (Miles 194). The civilians left to live in the country until things calmed down (Foote 395). train Dorn, leader of defense for Vicksburg, sent the "Arkansas" to Vicksburg. The "Arkansas" destroyed three warships for an estimated loss of $3,000,000 (Foote 386). The ship was later grounded and her own crew destroyed her (Miles 224). The process of severe to run past Vicksburgs guns became too difficult. The Union tried to build canals to bypass the city. Farragut started a canal across a peninsula north of Vicksburg that would return to the river 10 miles past the city but his attempts failed (Miles 202). He finally withdrew from Vicksburg and headed south to Baton Rouge (Miles 229). In October of 1862 the commander of Tennessee was brought in to clear the Confederates off their turf. Ulysses S. Grant repla ced Farragut to finish what he started. Gen. Pemberton was brought in to lead in Vicksburgs defenses. Gen. Pemberton found many of the defenses inadequate and replaces cannon, rebuilds forts, and placed them in more effective locations (Miles 283). Major Sam Lockett was headsman engineer under Pemberton. He worked on the layout of the forts. The main forts protected the entrances of the 6 main roads entering the city.