A Short Story Essay

During Maytag’s final surrender to Whirlpool, appliance parts are now in surplus. As a result, the warehouse has been shipped an overabundance of parts. The likes of which we rarely see. Because the market has gone down in flames, the demand for appliance parts is sky-high. Thus we have a beautiful supply and demand ratio between our suppliers and our customers. Since no one has the capital to go out and purchase a brand new washing machine or refrigerator, in spite of Obama’s Energy Star credit stimulus, more and more appliances are being serviced. This allows servicers to keep in business and increase profits. Their increase in business requires that they purchase more parts from us, of which we are consistently replenishing due to the business deals made by our suppliers. Thus the servicer is never thrown into hysteria over a lack of parts. Thus we keep in business. Thus we keep our jobs. We even manage to allocate overtime on occasion. I know all this because the warehouse hides nothing from me. The warehouse needs me. The warehouse is me. Or else I’d like to think. By the end of the shift we are all manifesting the last of the packages that are to be shipped out via UPS and FedEx. The trailers are closed. The semis drive off. The workers go home. I stay to close shop. I print the manifest reports and shut down the computers. I record our shipping quantities and turn out the lights. The doors are locked, the security enabled. I shut the last door before I stroll to the bus stop. The driver sees my monthly pass purchased online at the warehouse’s very own computer, addressed to my own PO box. The driver lets me on. There are a couple of folks onboard. One works at Chili Works not too far from the warehouse. The other is a Wal-Mart employee. We are all considered workers of the underclass. The only difference is that I have approximately ten grand in my savings. Most people are ten grand in dept. Of course, not too many take microeconomics as seriously either. When my girlfriend cheated on me and insurrected herself from our apartment, I decided to take control of my cash. I realized that I was spending nearly six thousand dollars a year in rent money. When the lease was up, I took the capital gained from the security deposit, including the five dollar interest they were required to give, and invested in a bicycle. Of course, I invested in the bicycle after I totaled my Pontiac grand prix. I did this because for the next year I would have to spend three thousand dollars in car payments and two-thousand dollars in gasoline. The insurance forked me four grand. At this point I was a bit of an alcoholic anyway so I decided that the car was an opportunity cost. If I wanted to continue to go to the bars each night and have my juicy burger and tray full of cigarette butts, I would need to sacrifice the Pontiac. This capital was generally inadequate when compared to my personal entrepreneurship. My taverns, my coffee and reading clubs, my model-crafting. I’m getting to the point at which I can sell World War II naval ship recreations for a profit. No one would know my storage cell housed the Battle of Midway. Then there are my books that I buy and sell later to used book stores. It may be cheaper to go to a library, but the city doesn’t give cards to homeless folk. Still, I manage. The only real resources I depend on is my own personal entrepreneurship, my labor, and the permanence of the land. The capital built up over the years is strictly a luxury. Since my supply of bar beverages is at a constant growth, the supply of such beverages usually comes at a low cost. More and more I see laid off engineers and factory machinists come night after night, drowning their miseries away. Winter approaches, so the construction jockeys are hitting Bourbon Street like an army from hell. Meanwhile, the bars are ordering more and more of their stock. More than probably necessary, as I feel they have built a surplus. Everyday I see trucks stocked with Miller products and Coors make dock. By Tuesday night the bartenders are giving drinks away, they have so much. If their bands of laid-off workers don’t make a buck soon, the bars will start to run into a massive deficit without having a stable consumer base. An unemployed man can only spend for so long. Still, I reap the benefits. And if ever there is a time when someone may ask me why it is I chose my life without shelter; perhaps an intrigued lady aroused by such mystery or a confused little boy who was always taught to work with what they got; I shall tell them both that I live in the market of the free. My entire essence is dedicated to what I want and how accessible it is to make such an acquisition. Everything else is simply an unnecessary expenditure. A Short Story Essay The cold hit him straight way, and he turned to the see the appealing glow of the gas lamp that cast silhouettes on the walls, the shadows dancing with each flicker of the small flame. The wind blew quiet but harsh and found its way through the gaps in his woollen overcoat. He turned up the collar and regretted that there was no button to keep it in place. He scurried down the well-trodden path, passing withering plants and whatever else lay in the darkness. Without warning, the headlights of an approaching illuminated him against the darkness of the forest; he threw himself to the hard ground, scurrying towards the relative safety of the undergrowth. He didn’t dare to move, terrified that any shuffle or scratching might give away his position, as the truck stopped at the side of the road. He heard the slamming of doors and the shuffling of feet. The man could see nothing but the very top of the trucks canvas roof, but he could hear their voices. One shouted out to another in German; the reply was a harsh laugh that seemed to pierce the very core of the wildlife; a large bird that has been making its way cautiously over to the man suddenly opened its wings out and took off violently from where it stood with a loud shriek that filled the deadly quiet. The man stopped breathing, covered his head with both of his hands and screwed his eyes tightly shut, willing the other men to go away. He could hear them walking over, their hard-soled boots thudding, again and again, as they made their way closer. He had attempted to bury himself in the plantation, but it was to no avail. A narrow, white torch beam, moved across the perimeter of the forest, and slowly made its way down to his level. He shut his eyes tight and willed them to leave him be, to go away. And just like that, the beam of light vanished, and the footsteps gradually died away. With the slam of two doors, the engine started, and the truck moved off. The man lifted his head slightly, just in time to see the terrifying symbol of the Swastika that would be engrained in his mind for the rest of his life.

Social environment of business

Business Power James Buchanan Duke was born on December 23rd 1856 In North Carolina. HIS father was the owner of a small factory which produced a brand of chewing tobacco named Pro Bono Public. As he became older It was time for him to take over his father's business, however the number of competition was too high. Taking a major risk, he committed his company to a then-novel product- the cigarette. Unfortunately, back in those days, cigarettes were used by people from the lower class, and they were looked down upon. In spite of this, in 1881 Duke brought 10 Russian migrant cigarette rollers to his North Carolina factory and made about 2,000 per day. Since there was no demand at first, Duke decided to use a famous actress to advertise his cigarettes on a full page newspaper ad. By that time, James Bonsais had invented a machine capable of rolling 200 cigarettes per minute, which failed. Duke saw the opportunity and signed an agreement to operate the machine. The costs of production per thousand was down to $30 from $. 80. Duke moved to New York and had the Idea to hire people to visit tobacco shops ND demand his new machine-rolled Cameo and Cross Cut brands. At one time, he even put glamour photos of semi-nude American actresses on cigarette packs in China. In fact, his cigarettes became a big hit with Chinese men due to this. After carefully observing Rockefeller conquest of the oil industry he saw that his methods could be applied to the tobacco industry. 3 In 1884, he built a holding company called the American Tobacco trust.Bye he had built the trust into a monopoly that controlled 98 percent of the domestic cigarette market and sold 2. Billion cigarettes. His method was to sell his cigarettes at full retail price to dealers which were spied on occasionally by detectives to make sure they were not selling competitors brands. Duke's method shows how much the power of commerce can Influence society. Although cigarettes are poisonous for society's health, he managed to make this product acceptable in people's eyes.There have been many studies done which proved that the use of advertisement is a very powerful tool to use with society, especially with the youth. One of the study was conducted by researchers from Dartmouth Medical School where they followed more than 5,000 Vermont and New Hampshire students ages 10 to 16 from 12 to 26 months. They found that those with higher exposure to movie alcohol use at the initial assessment were more likely to have started drinking at time of follow-up. They also found depictions of alcohol use in 92% of 601 contemporary movies, including in 52% of G-rated films. According to the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown university, alcohol impasses spend nearly $2 billion every year on advertising In the united States. Between 2001 and 2007, there were more than 2 million television ads and 20,000 magazine ads for alcoholic products. 51 believe that this Is a big problem In today's societ y. People are being brainwashed by what they see on television, the Internet shown too much on media which makes it â€Å"okay† for teenagers to use them. Unfortunately, managers need to run their company and would do anything in the hope of becoming successful.

Applying to the Ivy League: Everything You Need to Know

Applying to college is no simple task, no matter where you apply, but for students applying to the prestigious Ivy League, the challenge is even greater. With acceptance rates consistently dipping below 10% and college applicants on the rise, getting into the Ivy League is a goal that most can only dream about. At , we have coached hundreds of students towards their Ivy League acceptances. In fact, we even helped one amazing student gain acceptance to seven of them! But what’s success if we aren’t willing to share it? Here, we provide a home for our top Ivy League tips. To learn more about the Ivy League and how you can score an acceptance too, take a look at the resources below. The term Ivy League actually refers to a collegiate athletic conference composed of sports teams from eight private colleges and universities in the northeastern United States. Though the term officially refers to an athletic conference, it is more commonly used to refer to these same eight schools in other contexts. Ivy League schools are generally known for their academic excellence and their extreme selectivity in admissions. The eight Ivy League schools are: Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University. To learn more about some of these schools and what they’re all about, check out these posts: The Ivy League is exceptionally difficult to get into, especially by today’s increasingly selective college admissions standards. To learn more about the standards expected by the Ivy League, check out these posts about Ivy League students: Before you apply to any colleges, you’ll want to learn as much about them as possible. This can be through campus visits, interviews, college rankings, summer programs, or other avenues. To get started learning more about the Ivy League, have a look through these posts: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. As is the case with any school you apply to, you’ll need to be sure that your high school classes and extracurriculars qualify you for acceptance. To learn how you can prepare for the Ivy League in high school, check out these posts: Although the overall trend in Ivy admissions places less emphasis on test scores than it did in previous years (thanks in large part to Harvard’s Making Caring Common initiative ), your scores are still important. To learn how they factor into Ivy League admissions, check out these posts: Are you college applications signed, sealed, and delivered? Now you wait. For many students this is the hardest part of the process. Waiting and receiving college decisions can be stressful. Here are some tips to help along the way: If you are a high school student interested in attending an Ivy League school, but you’re unsure if you have what it takes or you would like some help to ensure that you present the strongest application possible, consider ’ s Mentorship Program . This program provides practical advice on topics from college admissions to career aspirations, all from successful college students who have been in your shoes.

Age Of Sexual Consent In California Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Age Of Sexual Consent In California - Essay Example There is no law in the State of California regarding sexual consent. What exists is the age wherein persons are given full legal capacity free from parental interference. The age of full legal capacity or consent is at the age of 18.In California, a person legally becomes an adult at age 18 and acquires most of the rights, privileges, responsibilities, and obligations of adulthood.athers; 16 year old boys pushed into having oral and anal sex; (3) information regarding sexual encounters or experience of 16 year olds will be divulged notwithstanding the effects that this may cause on the child's mental and social wellbeing. The child as a human being also has a right to privacy and should be spared the ridicule and ostracism 16 year olds are still children half way between adulthood and still being a child. The dictionary defines them as young and immature. They have bodies as developed as adults and still think and reason as children. They are immature and the fact that these children would experiment and desire to experience sex as what they have seen in the Dvd, without thinking of the possible repercussions of their actions in terms if STD's, HIV and even pregnancy is proof of their immaturity. The Dvd or other direct or indirect influences are not to blame for their actions. They will manipulate the use of technology to suit their innermost desires: â€Å"In every era, new technologies are always adapted to sexual uses (Klien, p. 6).†Admittedly these desires are normal. There is nothing wrong in keeping them in control until such time that these children would have grown and be ready to take responsibility for their actions. ... 6)." Admittedly these desires are normal. There is nothing wrong in keeping them in control until such time that these children would have grown and be ready to take responsibility for their actions. Admittedly, this is a part of their self expression. But even this self expression is rooted on how the individual actually behaves. "We can't understand the origins of human sexual expression without knowing more about how we actually behave (Fausto-Sterlin, p.18)." This further proves that the adolescent who behaves in an immature way is not ready to delve into the study of his/her very own sexuality. But to allow these 16 year old children to rampantly experiment is against the mandate given by the people to the State. They are still too young. In fact the benefits of the Alan Guttmacher Institutes' study, greatly favors the experimentation at an age wherein the subjects are ready: "Women who consistently used condoms within their casual relationships had a greater perceived ability to use condoms in difficult situations, expressed a greater need for intimacy within a relationship and were more motivated to have sex to please others or to express love than women who had unsafe casual sex (Alan Guttmacher Institute, p. 57)." This is at 18years old. The study was made among vocational students meaning those that were not in regular schooling for being advance in years. The average age was 18 years old. This proves that 18 year old young adults are mature enough to think and decide for themselves. This study further substantiates the stand of the State that maturity, legal consent and capacity should be retained at 18 years old. Who will protect these children Who will guide them to make the right choices Who is tasked to ensure that their rights

Environmental Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Ethics - Essay Example Both authors have provided different categories of costs and benefits obtained from ecosystems, and more universal environmental principles. However, Steve Kelman does not agree with Freeman’s argument that cost-benefit analysis can be related to objectives mentioned above (e.g. human health protection, security, etc.). According to Kelman, regulatory judgments concerning the environment, security, and health are moral issues, and hence analysis of cost and benefit is improper since it necessitates the implementation of a poor moral mechanism. Kelman strengthens his position with several illustrations, majority of which concern individual or private judgments. He claims, in these circumstances, supporters of cost-benefit analysis, like Freeman, should abandon any moral doubts about human rights violation, deception, and corruption. These arguments about cost-benefit analysis can be used in addressing the poor food manufacturing process of fast-food companies, as discussed by E ric Schlosser. In his article, Schlosser gives a series of accusations against the unethical practices and processes of fast-food companies, such as refusal to give medical privileges, creating modern-day slavery, aggressive marketing to gullible children; these are the strategies employed by fast-food companies to maintain high profitability. Given this, and an idea of the arguments of Freeman and Kelman, cost-benefit analysis in this case may or may not be appropriate. Using the similar premises of Freeman and Kelman, cost-benefit analysis may be appropriate in determining how fast-food companies have powerfully changed the agricultural sector of industrialized nations, such as the United States. These fast-food companies, like McDonald’s, have generated marginal benefits to agriculture by centralizing production. However, because of this production consolidation, farmers and small enterprises are vanishing. There are also drastic alterations in animal domestication and foo d production which caused spates of food-related diseases, like the foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow, bird flu, and others. This situation, according to the arguments of Freeman and Kelman, may be subjected to cost-benefit analysis because of the nature of its effect to environmental policy. However, in terms of actual threats to human health, in accordance to Kelman’s arguments against the moral deficit of cost-benefit analysis, the case of poor food production practices is unviable. The unethical way fast-food companies conceal to the public the actual health perils of their products substantiate Kelman’s argument. Furthermore, the industry of meat packing even benefits more from government protection or immunity. Question 2 According to Christopher Stone, corporations should not be socially responsible because they are inherently irresponsible. The primary justification Stone provided is that nobody, from the ordinary citizen to large organizations, has a basic idea of the nature and requirement of corporate responsibility. In order to develop a model of his argument, Stone raises fundamental issues and thoroughly

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example It is a fully owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. The music company operates globally and includes a roster inclusive of a broad range of artists, both international superstars and local artists (Sony Music Entertainment, 2011). Data revealed from the financial results of the company during the year 2010 suggest that there was a decrease in the operating revenue and sales figures by 6.7% in comparison to its performance of the previous year (y-o-y). The sales figure was hit during the year 2010 due to the decrease in the sale of devices and consumer products. However, it is also evident that the decrease in the sale of this segment was moderately offset by that of the segment of financial services of the company. Due to depreciation in the value of Yen against both US dollar and Euro, the sale of the Sony in Japan suffered the crisis. However, there was an increment in the operating profit of the company by 259.6 billion Yen (Sony News and Information, 2010). Sony Music has however effectively managed to come out of the crisis and during recent times, the company has ultimately surpassed Universal Music Group through market share in the overall US market. The market share of Sony Music in the overall album segment including albums equivalent to tracks stood at 29.35% as of the end of the week on April 24, 2011. According to Nielson SoundScan, this percentage figure is only a few points above that of the Universal Music Group that stood at 29.26% during the same period (Christman, 2011). The neck-to-neck percentage figure of the market share suggests that there prevails cutthroat competition in the music industry. Apart from the Universal Music Group, the biggest competitors of the Sony Music are EMI Group Limited and Warner Music Group Corp. In this industry, demand of the products or the music publications is driven by spending of the consumers. The companies’ profitability is dependent on promotion of new talent of music and also discovery of those talents. The companies in this industry operate through generation of revenue from its assets whose base is created by publications and recordings. Large companies in this industry such as that of Sony Music hold the advantage of both distribution and marketing. The smaller companies dwelling in this industry are generally referred to as ‘indies’ and these companies compete by concentrating on local artists and varieties of music (Christman, 2011). 2. Internal Resources and Culture Analysis 2.1 Financial Resources The music segment of Sony that comprises of operations of the US based Sony Music Entertainment (SME) and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. (SMEJ) generated sales of 522.6 billion yen during the year 2010 that rose by 35% from the previous year’s performance. Simultaneously, the operating income also increased by 31.1% and rose to 36.5 billion yen from 27.8 billion yen during the past year of 2009. The increment figure of sales in the musi c segment has only been due to the fact that although the segment had begun its operation during the month of October 2008, the sales figure has been considered for the full year on a consolidated basis. Had the sales figure been considered otherwise, there would have been a decrement in sales by 5%. On the other hand, considering the operating inc

Langston Huges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Langston Huges - Essay Example Well, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have rhythm, so they elected me as class poet† (Johnson, p.138)." He also wrote newspapers for the school, wrote plays, short stories, and edited the year book. It was at this time in high school when he realized that he had a passion for books and wrote â€Å"when Sue Wears Red†, his first jazz poetry. In 1919, he briefly lived with his father in Mexico although the relationship between the two was poor. In 1920 Hughes went back to his father with hopes that he would help him enroll to Colombia University. Initially, before arriving to Mexico, Hughes states that he had been thinking about his father and the strange dislike of his own people. Hughes did not understand it because he was a Negro and liked Negros very much (Hughes and McLaren, p.65). His father had plans of taking him to a university overseas to make a career in engineering and not become a writer. At some point they came into a compromise whereby Hughes agr eed to study engineering only if his father would allow him to attend Colombia University. Hughes has struggled since childhood to fit in the United States as an African American. At a young age, he did not have an easy life and racism encounters was the order of the day though he decided to remain loyal to his own heritage. He had due respect for his background as an African American to an extent of using his racial pride as the base of his works. The struggles in his life shaped him into becoming both a poet and an inspiring leader to the African American people. Having struggled in making a living, he finally figured out what he really wanted to do by stating in his autobiography that he wanted to write seriously and as well as he knew how about the Negro people. This is what gave Hughes an establishment of his own style; a style that would give a reflection about his personal African American experiences whereby race had its own inequalities (Hughes and McLaren, 66). Hughes soug ht out a communism world, one with an ideology that offers to establish classless views, lack of social status and get rid of segregation in the society. The political views regarding racial discrimination were a major obstacle in Hughes’ life. This enabled him to express his opinions and perception about issue facing the colored people in America through his works. Hughes wrote in a respectable way to demonstrate to his fellow black writers the significance of writing educative works rather than criticize harshly. I n the year 1924, went to back to the United States did odd jobs like a busboy and an assistant cook at a restaurant in Washington where he met Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. Hughes decided to show some of his poet work to Lindsay who was fascinated enough to make connections and promote Hughes’ work for a larger audience (Baxter, p.45). That same year, his poem â€Å"Weary Blues† won a prize in the literary competition of the opportunity magazine . He was also lucky to receive a scholarship to enroll at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Again, Hughes poems caught the attention of novelist Carl Van Vetchten, who also made connections for Hughes and the following year his first poetry book weary blues was published. The first time that Hughes gained recognition as a recommendable literature figure was in 1920s, a time for â€Å"

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and Essay

Tourism Policy and Planning (answer 10 questions about York and sevilla) - Essay Example This is one the challenges that also faces the two cities in terms of tourist destination. Seville city has to make sure that tourism is managed and developed in such a manner that it is able to benefit the resident population, but is should not be involved in the urban environment deterioration but rather to its promotion. It should as well not supposed to become a financial burden to the local authority. York faces several challenges. The city is seen to be having a high poverty rate and this might have a great impact on tourism sector. 2) The tourist activity in both cities with no doubt is seen to be one of the fundamental pillars of cultural, social and economic progress of the city. There is forceful reality that has a broad effect on any of the civil life fields. For Seville, its advantage stems right from not only the artistic heritage and plentiful monumental of the city, but it is also seen in the other aspects which make up the tourist product (catering, recreation areas, housing, infrastructures and trade). While on the other hand, the competitiveness of York is in the international and domestic market that is based on the name which is known universally. Both cities have been recognized for several centuries by their singular character of heritage and celebrations that is seen to mark an authentic reference to several other cities that they tend to accede to privilege positions as the one that both cities enjoy. Over the past decade, on such a solid base, a tourist product structure that is of high quality and very effective in the housings, in the services, and in the tourist offer variety has been put up. But besides all these, tourism is seen to be a transcendental incident factor that is intangible and as crucial as the exterior projection, the city image, and, as a result, the world system position of the big cities. 3) For any city that has a mission of being at a better position in tourism sector, it is required to adopt a few accessibility levels basing on the demand needs. In this context, the cities, being among the big European cities, whereby their urban dimension do coexists with rural comforts, are currently among the best connected cities in Europe. For instance, Seville city which is characterized by efficient and very varied accessibility, it has not only turned into a touristic destination point but also into the Andalusia best port, because it is among the few Spanish cities that is efficiently communicated by air , sea, railroad and land. The roads of York city, is characterized by a network of regional scope highways and a renewed system of accesses to the city, that consists of rapid bypasses, that accurately connects all the neuralgic points of the surroundings and the city. But besides accessibility, the two cities have continued with investing in transport to incorporate a real tourism sustainable mobility policy in the cities based on the promotion of public transport and non-motorized transport (bic ycle and pedestrian). With the aim of reducing the private vehicles use, the surrounding traffic reduction and the network development of

Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final exam - Assignment Example The court determines is complaint has merit, or is without merit. Second litigation stage is discovery. Discovery entails analyzing the evidence of each party in the dispute. Questions are asked on the supporting documents of both the petitioner and the defendant. After closure of discover, the third civil litigation stage is the summary judgment motion. The summary judgment motion illustrates arguments of the defendant that the plaintiff’s evidence does not support the claim. In the summary judgment process, the court considers evidence of the plaintiff, and the law. If the plaintiff succeeds in the summary judgment motion, the trial stage is initiated. But just before the trial, the parties are sent to arbitration hearing, where the mediator pushes for agreement of the parties. This is referred to as settlement conference. If settlement is not achieved, the court authorizes full trial of the case (Labunski 219). Grand jury entails legal institution that is enabled to perform official proceedings of investigating or analyzing potential criminal activities; and to study if criminal charges will be brought. The grand jury can initiate production of documents, and also sworn witness testimony, before it. The grand jury and the courts are separate and independent institutions. Grand juries are responsible for performing investigatory and also accusatory duties. Investigatory responsibilities of the grand jury entail obtaining and analyzing evidence, and also hearing sworn witnesses testimonies that are before it. The accusatory function of the grand jury determines if one or more individuals committed offences within appropriate district court jurisdiction. Grand jury in the United States comprises between 16 and 23 citizens. The grand jury has more jurors than the trial jury (Levy 76). During early decades in the United States of America, grand juries performed significant roles

Exam review Essay Example for Free

Exam review Essay List three examples of operating system software. Linux, OS X, and Microsoft Windows List three examples of application software. Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, and Visual Studio Programs that make a computer useful for everyday tasks are known as application software What is used to translate high level language programs to machine language (or machine code)? Compiler What both translates and executes the instructions in a high level language program? What was the first programming language designed to perform complex math functions? Interpreter. Fortran Rules that are strictly enforced during compilation are called what? Syntax Rules What are violations of strictly enforced rules during compilation called? Syntax Errors Which will not prevent compilation, syntax or logical errors? Logic Errors Instead of binary numbers, assembly language uses short words for instructions known as what? Mnemonics Name a high level language you use in the course. Visual Basic The words that make up a high level programming language are known as what? Keywords Which runs faster a compiled or an interpreted program? Compiled Which language utilizes binary numbers like 01110000? Machine Language How many steps are in the Program Development Cycle and what are they? 1 Design the Program2 Write the Code3 Correct Syntax Errors4 Test the Executable Code 5 Debug the Code What is an informal language that has no syntax rules and is not meant to be compiled or executed? Pseudo Code What is a diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program? Flowchart What is a set of statements that execute in the order that they appear? Sequence Structure What is a logical design that controls the order in which a set of statements execute? Control Structure What graphically displays boxes that represent each module in a program? Hierarchy Chart Which flowchart symbol represents a terminal point like Start or Stop? Oval Which flowchart symbol represents processing and is used with the keywords Set and Declare? Rectangle Which flowchart symbol represents decisions and is used with the keywords If/Then? Diamond Which flowchart symbol represents input and output and is used with the keywords Input and Display? Parallelogram Which flowchart symbol represents calling modules and is used with the keyword Call? Rectangle with 2 Vertical Lines In programming, a storage location in memory is called what? Variable A variable that is declared inside a module is called what? Local Variable What is the term that describes the part of the program that a variable can be accessed? Scope A variable that can be seen throughout the program is called what? Global Variable True or false: A variable can begin with a number. False True or false: A variable can contain spaces. False True or false: A variable can have a number as the last character of the variable name? True True or false: A variable can contain an underscore. True True or false: A constant can be changed during execution of a program. False True of false: A variable can be changed during execution of a program. True What are the four main data types discussed in class so far? 1. Integer2. Real3. String4. Boolean What is used to check the relationship between two values? Relational Operator Which relational operator is used to denote greater than or equal to? = Which relational operator is used to denote not equal to? != Which relational operator is used to denote less than? What is the difference between using the relational operator = and the relational operator ==? = is used for assignment and == is used for comparison What is the symbol used to indicate raised to the x power in pseudo code? ^ What is the truth table for AND? True AND True = True True AND False = False False AND False = False False AND True = False What is the truth table for OR? True OR True = True True OR False = True False OR False = False False OR True = True What does NOT False evaluate to? True Indicate three benefits of modules? Faster Development, Simpler Code, Code reuse What is a variable passed to a module called? Argument Define the abbreviation ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange Relational Operators Great Then Less Then = Greater Then or Equal 7 is false 5 7 Is True (5 7) or (10 3) is True (5 7) and (10 3) is False NOT (5 7 ) and (10 3 )is true because the NOT reverses All programming languages that allow you to create expressions that can be evaluated as either true or false are called ? Boolean expressions. Boolean expressions uses relational operators

Organisation of Essential Services in Mauritius

Organisation of Essential Services in Mauritius 3.0 Introduction The level of activities at the MFRS is very high and includes a cocktail of hazards and risks to the HS of its employees. In any essential service organization, where there is poor HS management system, the fire fighter’s safety is compelled to be affected and impaired. Therefore, the provision of adequate HS measures become necessary as it greatly contributes to enhance fire fighter’s safety and health. 3.1 An overview of the Fire Service Department in Mauritius Port Louis Coromandel Quatre Bornes Curepipe St Aubin Mahebourg Flacq Piton Triolet 3.1.1. History and Foundation Founded in the year 1906 the first fire station was erected in the centre of Port-Louis and named Port Louis Municipal Fire Station. At this date Mauritius had 11 stations including 4 Municipals, 4 districts, 1 Mauritius Marine Limited (MMA), 1 Airport Mauritius Limited (AML) and 1 Port-Mathurin, Rodrigues. But, nowadays with the exception of the AML, MMA and Port- Mathurin Fire Station, the other fire station has merged into the Government Fire Services under the Ministry of Local Government with addition of two more fire stations. However, with rapid development and complexity of incidents the fire services has added more tasks in their duties and hence has added rescue operation where fire fighters provide paramedic services as well. This is why it is now called the Fire and Rescue Services Department. (Fire Services Act, 1947, Mauritius). Henceforth, MFRS is responsible for ensuring the people of the republic of Mauritius are supported by and benefit from, an effective disaster and emergency management system and essential emergency response services. The MFRS provides fire mitigation and management services, emergency rescue and disaster management services. It currently operates 9 Fire Stations manned by about 800 fire fighters working on 4 shifts to provide fire and emergency cover for the whole country with a population of about 1.2 million. This gives us a fire fighter-to-population ratio of 1 fire fighter on duty for every 7000 in population to respond to an annual average of 5000 to 6000 fires, about 2000 non-fire incidents with a fleet of about 40 fire fighting vehicles. 3.1.3 Organigram of the Fire and Rescue Services. (Appendix) 3.1.4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIFFERENT SECTIONS. 1. Fire Prevention Issuing of fire certificate, fire clearance and certificate of registration. Inspection of places where the above certificates can be issued like high rise buildings, shops, industries and so on. Carrying out fire awareness campaigns at workplaces and schools. Performing fire drills for fire alertness. 2. Operation. Indulging in fire fighting. Carry out rescue operation, for example; road accidents, rescue of animals. Render other special services, for example; floods, cyclones and tsunami. Carryout safety talks at community level. Carrying out fire drills at station level. 3. Control Room Unit Hazards emergency calls ( Dial the hotline 115) Mobilize suitable operational (at station level) resources. Notify other agencies relevant to incident. Produce relevant support in dealing with emergency. Record and maintain data relating to emergency. 4. Hydrant Maintenance of fire hydrant. Installation of new hydrant. Seek location for water sources. 5. Training unit Carrying the training for new recruit’s fire fighters. Performing refreshers training to fire fighters in relation to their duties. Giving lectures in connection with fire awareness campaigns. 3.1.5. Division of Labour. Fire services in Mauritius comprises of about 700 staffs which include the following: Table 3.1: Division of labour CFO- Head of department. DCFO-Assist the CFO in his daily routine work. ACFO-Assist the DCFO in his work. DO- Responsible for controlling a number of sections or stations. SSO-Responsible for the management of only one particular station. STNO-Responsible for controlling a particular team (watch) in a station. SO-Assist the STNO in his daily station routine work. FF-Carry out all operations work like firefighting rescue and other cognate duties. 3.2. Vision of the MFRS. To have a Republic of Mauritius free from the dangers of fire and other emergency threats and safe to live, work and visit anytime and anywhere. 3.3. Mission of the MFRS The mission of the Fire Services Department is to: Save life Effect rescue in Road Traffic Accident, flooding, cyclone, tsunami and other natural calamities. Protect properties endangered by fire and the environment. Effect special services. Render humanitarian services and give advice on fire prevention and protection measures. 3.4. The strategic goals of the MFRS are dedicated to build a safe Mauritius society by: Reduce the number of fires, road accidents and other emergency incidents. Reduce the severity of injuries in fire, road traffic accidents and other emergency vehicles. Reduce commercial, economic and social impact of fires and other emergency incidents. Create a safe working environment for our fire fighters. Safe guard the environment and heritage (both built and natural). Provide a sustainable service that demonstrate quality and best value service provision. Building public confidence in the fire services. Continually develop the resources available to meet changing needs. Working effectively with all their partners and stakeholders. 3.5. Health and Safety at MFRS. With the promulgation of the OSHA in the year 2007, the minister proclaimed that this act shall bind the state as per Section 3 of OSHA 2005. 3.5.1. Health and Safety Officer. At the MFRS, there is no such appointed officer. However, there are safety officers from the Ministry who come on regular OSH audit to identify risks to SH. They recommend in writing all recommendations and measures that have to be implemented by the employers. The role of Health and safety Officer (HSO) is to implement appropriate training program to meet the requirements of OSHA 2005, but it can be argued that this requirement is not met. It should be noted that practically all the hazards and risk pertaining to the job of firefighters are found on incident ground. So, HSO from the ministry caters for only 5% of HS of fire-fighters. 3.5.2. Role of Incident Commander as HSO. The incident commander has the duty to supervise and monitor the safety and health of fire fighters on incident ground. He must carry a dynamic risk assessment with the continuous changing environment because new hazards, emerged with increased risks. Unfortunately, those commanders have not been given SH training and carryout their job without caring for the SH of fire-fighters. 3.5.3. Medical Check up. According to section 77 of OSHA, a medical check up is carried out periodically at the public hospitals as recommended by the Occupational physician. Unluckily some firefighters do not attend medical appointment. 3.5.4. First Aid According to section 45 of OSHA 2005 and First Aid Regulation, first aid boxes with appropriate items are to be placed at conspicuous place. At fire stations, there are first aid boxes but there are missing first aid items or else they are out of date. 3.5.5. Health and Safety Training Section 5 of OSHA 2005 stipulates the duties of employer where training is an important element for the health and safety of personnel. Despite the fact that there are qualified firefighters with Bsc honors working in private companies as HSO, the MFRS have never used the competency of these firefighters to undergo any SH training. Consequently, they lack information and instructions on proper use of PPE’s, tools, equipment and how to carryout their jobs in a safe and healthy manner. 3.6 Summary This chapter has provided an overview at MFRS, stressing on the mission, vision, strategic, goals and task organization. The role of incident Commander as HSO, general SH in the MFRS, SH training.

Daniel Dennetts Darwins Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of

Daniel Dennett's Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life Science can give us as good a moral code as any religion. Or so Daniel Dennett claims in his book, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. Dennett provides the tools to explain human morality, and inadvertently leads the way to the conclusion (which he does not share) that science can clarify how human morality came about, but not serve as a substitute or model for moral codes, religious and secular alike. It all begins with Dennett's assertion that everything- everything- is a product of an algorithmic process, which comes about as a result of random change. By definition these algorithmic processes, evolution included, are "matter first". Dennett uses a metaphor of "cranes"; that new changes in species or anything else are made possible by what already existed in the material world. When speaking about life it is also usefully explained by considering adaptation to be, in practice, exaptation. Nothing in the Darwinian story of the world suggests that anything about better or worse, or for that matter, good and evil. This is the main point commonly used to dispel notions of Social Darwinism. But it, in my mind, is not sufficient. A few people are doing better in the world than others, and it is not because they are better than the others, or that the others are inferior, it just happened that way because of social circumstances. It has nothing to do with biology. So what! Science here offers no ethical insight; it only prompts indifference. Even if Darwinism is no justification for social injustice, it does nothing to suggest that there is an urgent need for social change. At worst, if one does not take away from this a w... ...reate stories and go beyond nature. These stories themselves are often the motivation for what we determine to be evil upon examining an alternate story, but we do not have a choice about whether or not we tell stories at all. That is in our nature. Alternately, without our stories we would not experience good and beautiful. The most dissatisfying aspect of a matter-first explanation of morality is that it absolves us from any responsibility for how we impact the natural world and other human beings. This could come as a welcome relief, after considering the incomprehensible responsibility of being an agent of creation. But consider again all the hope and possibilities that lie in being able to tell stories that change the world! Works Cited Dennett, Daniel C. Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York, NY: Simon&Schuster, 1995.

Shakespeares Othello - Othello and the Heroine, Desdemona :: Othello essays

Othello and the Heroine, Desdemona  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello we see a very exceptional woman in the person of Desdemona, wife of the general. She, as Cassio says, is a â€Å"paragon† of virtues, unlike the other female characters in the drama.    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses Desdemona’s entry into the Moor’s life:    But Othello had not known Desdemona long; he had little knowledge of women in any case; his military life had left scant time for cultivating their society or studying them, before he met Desdemona; and there was a bitter modesty in the man, who thought it quite possible that, for all his greatness and his romantic past, a young girl like Desdemona might hold him but a passing fancy. (64)       In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigo’s help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To prison, till fit time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of law and course of direct session   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Call thee to answer. (1.2)    The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the father to permanently lose his daughter, mostly due to Desdemona’s own fluent presentation of her point of view in the city council chamber. This results in Brabantio’s virtual disowning of her and not allowing her to live in his house while Othello’s campaign against the Turks in Cyprus is in progress. Thus it would seem that Desdemona has been living her life with a father who is primarily interested in self and less in daughter.    Entrusted to the ancient’s care and that of his Emilia, Desdemona arrives at the seaport of Cyprus. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants interprets the protagonist’s very meaningful four-word greeting to Desdemona which he utters upon disembarking in Cyprus:    Othello’s four words, â€Å"O, my soul’s joy,† tell us that this beautiful Venetian girl has brought great joy, felicity, bliss to the very depths of his soul.

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay -- Hemingway Hills White

Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyday people make decisions that affect their future lives. Do people make the right decisions? What makes a decision a right one? What may be right to some, may be wrong to others. There are no right or wrong decisions but those that people choose and believe to be right varying from each individual. In Hemingway's realistic story, Hills Like White Elephants, Jig attempts to make a crucial change in her life by making the right decision, but is unable to because of her weak characteristic flaws. Jig is indecisive about her decision. Even though she realizes the possibilities, she has difficulties letting go of old habits, has a low self-esteem that leads to her being submissive, and puts up a frail fight by hiding her feelings behind her sarcastic comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jig faces an immense decision that will change her future. She must choose between the old and the new lifestyle. It is hard for her to let go of old habits that consists of taking no responsibility and the sole intention of seeking pleasure. She must go from a young worriedless rebel to a stable adult taking responsibility. It's a hard process since there are three steps to changing: realization, doing the deed, and committing to the change. She definitely realizes she needs to change, but only goes that far. She does walk to the end of the station and looks upon the fertile side of the valley and comments "and we could have all this," but she ...

June Etta Downey

A Biography of June Etta Downey South Georgia Technical College August 20, 2010 June Etta Downey (1875-1932), Psychologist. Born on July 13, 1875, in Laramie, Wyoming. June came from a pioneer family that contributed a great deal to the development of the state. Her father, Colonel Stephen W. Downey was one of the first territorial delegates to the United States Congress from Wyoming, and it was largely through his efforts that the University of Wyoming was established. Downey, like many other females pursuing professional careers, had to face many odds in order to achieve her goals.In early 1900’s the image of a professional woman was an unusual sight, particularly in a small place like Laramie. Most professional females were destined to become school teachers if they were not married. Downey avoided marriage in order to continue her higher education and being free to work in the field she always wanted experimental psychology. Downey graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1895. After a year of teaching at the University of Chicago, where in 1898 she took a master’s degree in Philosophy and Psychology.In that year she joined the faculty of the University of Wyoming as an instructor of Philosophy as well. In the summer of 1901 she studied Psychology under Edward Bradford Titchener at Cornell University. She was promoted to assistant Professor of English and Philosophy in 1902 and to Professor in 1905. In 1904 she published a volume of poems titled Heavenly Dykes. After a sabbatical year of further study at the University of Chicago, she was awarded her P. H. D. in 1908, and on her return to the University of Wyoming she became head of her department.Downey soon gave up the teaching of English to concentrate on Philosophy and Psychology, and the title of her professorship was changed formally to that in 1915. A gifted and often ingenious experimenter, Downey followed her principal interest in the Psychology of aesthetics into many areas of the arts and the mental processes associated with them. Downey’s work in muscle muscle ready, handwriting, handedness, color perception, and such topics led to deeper investigations into personality and creativity.Her work resulted in more than 60 articles in professional journals and several books, including Graphology and the Psychology of Handwriting, 1919; Plots and Personalities, with Edward E. Slosson, 1922. Downey was greatly interested in the creative arts. She wrote poems, plays, and stories throughout her life. She even wrote the school Alma Mater for the University of Wyoming. In 1911, she published the Imaginal Reaction to poetry, one of the most important experiments involving arts. This study examined the images people had in response to ready poetry.Downey believed that variation in such images revealed differences in character. Downey’s preliminary work personality led her to the creation of the Downey Will-Temperament Test. The Will-Temperament and Its Te sting, a report on her attempt to test clinically aspects of personality other than intelligence, 1923; and Creative Imagination: Studies in the Psychology of Literature, 1929. She also published Kingdom of the Mind, a book on the experimental psychology for young readers, in 1927.Although the report presented several limitations itself, it brought the attention of several influential psychology exponents. Although highly valuable in intent and originality, the Downey tests also possessed great weaknesses. Downey continually pointed to the importance of the intra-individual relationship of the subtests, but did not provide any norms for comparisons. The tests had poor reliability, the subtests were very short and those subtests that supposedly measured similar traits did not correlate highly with each other.The tests also possessed poor validity, at least when the results were compared to personality ratings. In addition, there were complaints that the administration was complicated and the scoring was too subjective. All of these weaknesses prevented the tests from being more widely accepted, and Downey was planning to revise the tests at the time of her death. Despite her visibility, Downey never craved the spotlight. As she grew older, she concentrated on her teaching and left Laramie.Downey was recognized as an outstanding scholar in her field by election to the Society of Experimentalists and membership on the council of the American Psychological Association in 1923-1925. In the last decade of her life she received many forms of recognition, including appointment to APA Council, membership in the Society of Experimentalists, and election as a Fellow of the American association of the Advancement of Service. She was also an inspiring teacher and a valuable asset to her university in its early years.Downey became ill while attending the Third International Congress on Eugenics in New York City. She died two months later of cancer at the home of her sister in Trenton, New Jersey on October 11, 1932. She was 57 years old. The University held a memorial service for her and a bronze plaque was unveiled in her honor. References 1. Uwadmnweb. Uwyo. edu/a&s/Development/People/Downey-June%2006. html 2. www. psych. yorku. ca/femhop/June%20Downey. htm 3. Ww. britannica. com/EBChecked/topic/170477/June-Etta-Downey

Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications

Research trends in the Academy of Management publications In order to reach the organization’s goals, management acts its way by its techniques and topics that is essential for the success of the company. There are a lot of changes and improvements that can cause to the disappearance of the management topics and techniques that organizations use for its own benefit. I appreciate reading this article that somehow updates us on what is happening on management topics, why do these topics disappear, stays, and re-emerge, and what are the common techniques used by the management of each organizations.The first hypothesis about the management topics says that some are historic and that they emerged then died out over time. People nowadays are very trendy and they tend to imitate what are the topics most popular in their environment. These people study and use those topics that make them think can fit in into the society. Just like in business, management topics also undergo a cycle. At first they will grow slowly, and then they will burst till they reach their peak point where a lot of people patronize their services/products.Sooner or later, their business fades as the people who first patronize their products discover new ones that are trending and popular in the society. Because of this, they try to change and develop new products that would satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers leading to the disappearance of the first products they made. I can’t say that each management techniques are perfect, so if there are new ideas that are developed due to the experiences of each organizations and curiosity of mankind trying to improve and upgrade that specific technique, then that management technique disappears and being replaced by a new and better one.The second hypothesis tells that some management topics are classical and have become institutionalized over time. Even though people nowadays are conscious with the topics that are popular nowadays, t here are others who give importance to these topics. Some topics are so significant that organizations do not want to remove them for those topics leads their business to success. These management topics give them ideas on how they will operate their business to become stable in the industry. Most usinessmen now continue to use and development these management topics because they believe that this can help them in achieving their success. These are their tools to reach their organizational objectives and accomplishments. If these techniques continue to help organizations then these will never fade out and will continue to be institutionalized making these topics stay for a long period of time. The third hypothesis states that some management topics are resurgent in that they emerged, died out, and then re-emerged over time.There are a lot of techniques that could help these topics to become useful again. With comprehensive study and analysis, these topics will soon be popularized an d then used from generation to generation. This hypothesis challenges the researchers to do better study and brainstorming in order to have creative ideas on how they can develop these management topics. All things need improvement in order to fit in into society. Because, we humans, are not easily contented of what we have and can always find ways in creating other ideas better than the other.Some researching think they have created new ideas but had already emerged in the past but disappeared. Most companies make innovations on their products/services offered in the market in order to provide continuous satisfaction to the consumers. And so with this management topic, it needs further study and development to be continuously useful in the world of management. Management topics evolve like businesses do. They both undergo the same process cycle. At first is the birth of the keyword or topic then next is their growth until they reach their maturity where most of the people use it or the topic became popular.The cycle doesn’t end here but it continues to its post-maturity stage where its usefulness to the society declines. But with our generation nowadays, people are intellectual enough to explore new discoveries to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. And with this, it makes the management topic become more stable and continue to provide more knowledge to the researchers and readers. Having adequate knowledge about the history of these management topics we have right now makes each researchers and readers more interested on the topic.Some may show lack of interest but once they go deeper to the history about these management topics, they would find it really amazing on how this were useful to the industry and very effective on every organization. This study is very helpful to researchers that really want to know more about management because it is part of their study to keep track of the trends in the field of management. We can never reach our f uture if we do not know our history. Same goes with studying management, reaching the finish line of this field is impossible unless we learn and study its history.

Mba Statement of Purpose

Writing a MBA statement of purpose requires you to really think about yourself and your goals. It helps you to see why you want to enter a MBA program and assures you that you are making the right move. More importantly, it shows your chosen university that same thing. In order to ensure that you really get your point across and that you tell the school what they want to know, it helps to learn a bit more about what colleges look for in a MBA statement of purpose.You can look at multiple Sample MBA Statement of Purpose essays, but unless you get an actual Sample MBA Statement of Purpose essay form the school to which you are applying you may not hit the nail on the head. You may cover what they want to hear and you may not give them all the details they need to approve your application for admissions. A good Sample MBA Statement of Purpose will show you what the college wants and give you a great guide for writing your own. In general, colleges want to see the same types of things fr om a purpose statement.The bottom line is that they all want to see what the statement says about you. They want to learn who you are and why you should be in their program. Understanding this and looking at your essay from their point of view will help you to write the best possible statement. Put yourself in the role of an admission's officer. Consider the fact that you are reading thousands of these essays. Think about what you would like to see. Think about how your essay would appeal to someone who is reading these purpose statements everyday. Does it stand out? Is there anything unique about it or about you that will make them take notice?The admission's officers already know about your great test scores and where you got your undergraduate degree. Do not waste their time telling them abut things they already know. Mix in some interesting things that will catch their attention. Give them something they will want to read. You have to understand that you are not the only applyin g and you essay is not the only one they will read. You have to find a way to make yourself stand out and prove you are different from the rest. You can assume that everyone who is applying has good test scores and good work experience, so you have to go beyond that.You can not rely on your academics to get you by and that is the whole point of this purpose statement. When you sit down to write your statement of purpose you need to keep all of these things in mind. Your purpose statement gives life to your admissions application. It is the one thing that you control completely and the one thing that will show your personality. Do not let the chance go to show who you are by writing a dry statement if purpose. Write something that will make the admission's officers say they need you at their school

Identity in Art Essay

Identity is a central concern of contemporary life. Identity plays a large part in societies and individuals lives; however it has not just become a central concern. For the last couple of hundred years identity has been a central concern. This central concern of identity is and has been portrayed, explored and discussed through art. In contemporary art there are multiple different art techniques, styles, codes, conventions and forms of art which explore and express identity. In the classical era of art the privilege of having a self-portrait created by an artist and displaying it in your house defined the identity of those people. In the last 100 years identity has been explored, portrayed and expressed in art through the use of different techniques, styles and forms of art. Different techniques such as rendering, shading, colour usage, and the softness or hardness of the lines are some of the ways in which artist are expressing and exploring the idea of identity. There are multiple different styles being used to express, portray and explore identity, some of these are abstract, cubism, expressionism, impressionism, realism, surrealism ect. These styles allow artist to create new and more in depth and meaningful artworks that can have a deeper, complex and relevant message behind the artwork. Modern artist also use different or mixed forms of art, for example sculpture, printmaking, photography, drawings, paintings, charcoal ect. The artist Kathe Kollwitz is a German artist (1867-1945). She created artworks that depicted the effects of war and the society’s identity throughout the war. This identity was of famine and starvation, one of fear and confusion and one of death and depression. Throughout the harsh period of the war she created sketches on paper using charcoal. The use of the expressionism in her artwork depicted her society’s identity and issue that was brought from the war and it effects. She focused on the identities that had changed due to the wars, either from directly being involved or form indirectly being involved, for example the identity change from one losing their loved one due to the harshness and effects of the world wars, or having no family or job that would be able to provide for you or your child so you have been forced to take up a life of begging on the streets for food in attempt to not to die of starvation. Kollwitz’s art resounds with compassion as she makes appeals on behalf of the working poor, the suffering and the sick. Although Kathe Kollwitz’s work is mainly portraying the identity changes and effects of both World War 1 and World War 2 she also took a liking in depicting with in her artworks the role and identity of women in a family. She mostly used the same materials of charcoal on paper when she created this work, but also used different media to create some of her artworks. When working on expressing and exploring women, their identities and their roles in society Kollwitz was able to express the changes to a women’s identity if she had a family to look after, and to high light the importance of the women’s identity when it came to interacting with their child. She also focused on women who were barely able to care for or nourish their children. This was able to depict the difficulties with handle children and the identities that un-worthy parents had. In the era that Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Richard Franklin was painting, the artwork being produced were more classical art. Any other types of artist that produced different artworks like cubist artworks or expressionist artworks were frowned upon. The classical artworks that they created were based on the identity of the figure in their artwork. Most of the artworks created by the classic artist were created on demand from the wealthy, high up in society citizens that could afford the artworks of themselves. The portraits were used to express and define the figures identity with in society. The portraits would be shown off at the buyers large villas and the artworks would be only there to define and express to others that the house owner or his family members and figure in the painting were of an upper class back ground and that their identity in society was quite high up the social ladder. The artworks were informing of the status and identity of the figure in order to depict to others their wealth and that they were from the upper class and their identity mattered in their society. They would also create sculpture and paint paintings that were asked of them by the upper class citizens in the society of that era. The artistic style used was classical. It was seen as great work to be able to create something so realistic and to create realistic things that would be part of the identity of the figure and of the society when the renaissance period was over and other styles and forms of art were more accepted in society. Identity is not just a central concern of contemporary life; it was also a central concern of the older life style from decades ago. The idea and concept of identity has been carried through society and has been explored, discussed and expressed through the use of art.

Discrete Population Growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discrete Population Growth - Lab Report Example y, during a period of an extremely populous generation resources are brought to scarcity and life and reproduction are made harder for individuals, leading to a decline in population numbers. These ideas are well reflected by modeling the situation with a function assuming low values on both ends of the range of argument, and high values in and around its center. The equation below is a simple example of this kind of model, using a variable parameter k to account for variable reproductive strength of different species and/or a given species in different environments. The equation predicts the size of (n+1)-th population pn+1 as a quantity considered dependent only on the size of n-th population pn: Using the program Grapher by R. Decker, the first 100 terms of the sequence generated by equation [1] were generated and plotted for several initial situations characterized by different combinations of p0 and k. Graphs in Figures 1 to 4 show four situations combining the values of 0.5 and 0.8 for p0 and 1.5 and 2.5 for k. The graphs make clear the sequence converges rather quickly under these conditions. The limit values are 0.33 for k = 1.5 and 0.6 for k = 2.5, regardless of p0. This behaviour is seen for k values between 1 and 3. The graph in Figure 5 is different in that there are two values between which the population numbers keep alternating. The graph has been produced for values k = 3.2, p0 = 0.5. Experimenting with the program proved such behaviour is characteristic for values of k between 3.0 and 3.4 (see also Figure 6). For values of k exceeding 3.4, the lines observed in Figure 5 become increasingly split or blurred (see Figures 7 and 8) until k = 3.6, where the alternating course of the sequence gives way to chaotic behaviour (see Figures 9, 10, 11 and 12). In this range, changing the value of k by only 0.001 has profound impact on the sequence terms (compare Figures 9 and 10, and Figures 11 and 12). Figure 12, produced for k = 4.0, reveals an

Technical Definition and Description Assignment - 2

Technical Definition and Description - Assignment Example The main purpose of production in any petrochemical industry remains the separation of oil, gas and water, which is present in the well stream. While two-phase separators do the job of separating oil and gas, the three components are separated in three phase separators. While two-phase separators are used for separating the liquid content from gas, the three phase ones also separate the water content of the crude from gas and liquid. However, different types of separators used for the phase separation are briefly detailed below. After hitting an inlet diverter, the fluid faces a sudden momentum change that ensures separation of liquid and vapor at this point, in such separators. The liquid droplets fall into the bottom of the vessel due to gravity. A level controller regulates the liquid dump valve, after sensing the change in the level of liquid. While a two-phase separator breaks the fluids of well into gas and liquids, a three-phase one separates incoming oil stream into gas, water and oil. Both processes use horizontal or vertical separators for this purpose. (Oil Field, nd) The reasons for following the separation process include relatively cheaper methods of separating oil and gas, by two-phase separators. As water produced in the process can corrode the piping and equipment, downstream, the third phase, involving water separation, saves such equipment from damage and cost towards replacing it. The well production increases due to reduction in back pressure, which is possible after phase separation. This in-turn reduces the required energy consumption. Phase separators are used to separate gas, oil and water as these components form part of the crude stream coming directly from a well. While the two-phase separators are responsible for separating gas/vapor and liquid, three-phase ones remove free water from such crude oil, along with separation of other two

Describe the key accounting concepts and discuss how they enhance the Essay

Describe the key accounting concepts and discuss how they enhance the usefulness of financial statements for external users - Essay Example Three of the most critical financial statements that companies must prepare at the end of every financial year include the statement of financial position, income statement and statement of cash flow (Atrill et al. 2011, p. 62). Because users of financial statements make decisions based on the information presented in these financial statements, accountants are expected to ensure that the information presented is as accurate as possible and are in tandem with the accounting concepts and principles. Accountants are expected to follow the accounting concepts and principles in preparing financial statements to ensure that users are not misled by the adoption of practices and policies that are in violation of the accounting profession. Therefore, before publishing, financial statements, accountants are expected to ensure that the treatment of the accounts is consistent with the established accounting concepts and policies. IASB Framework recognizes a number of accounting concepts that ac countants must adhere to in preparing the financial statements. The first major accounting concept followed in preparing final accounts is the going concern concept. When preparing financial statements, accountants are expected to make an assumption that the company will continue operating in the foreseeable future without the possibility of the management ceasing operations. Therefore, when preparing final accountants, accountants must assume that will realize its assets and pay its debts in the normal course of business operations. The adoption of going concern concept is critical since it informs the external users that the management of the company has no intention whatsoever of liquidating or ceasing the operation of the firm in the near future (Atrill et al. 2011, p. 67). Adoption of going concern concept in the preparation of final accounts is critical since it shows investors that their investments are safe as the company has no intention of

Organization Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organization Behavior - Essay Example Apparently, this special discipline is said to use scientific methods to unearth the diverse kinds of knowledge that emanates from observing the behavior of individual or groups from within the organization. In essence, people are said to behave differently even in the same situations.1 In light of this, managers with theoretical knowledge about human behavior are usually in a better position to predict the behavior of individuals or groups who are in most cases employees in their organizations (French, 2011, 7). In addition, organization behavior entails the interaction of people in organizations where diverse cultural value and backgrounds are brought together through working effectively and efficiently. Similarly, organization behaviour has both dependent and independent variable that must be used in the boosting the performance of individual and groups in the organization. Dependent variables include productivity, absenteeism and job satisfaction. On the other hand, independent variables include variables at individual levels and those of group behavior. It is worth mentioning that organizational behavior has sub disciplines with diverse perspectives such as psychology, communication, political science, sociology among others that are crucial in the management of organization (French, 2011,

BUSINESS D M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS D M - Essay Example All members of the team also agreed on most fundamental point that selected site should have maximum business potential otherwise no sensible promoter will ever risk their funds in a private venture. While doing strength and weakness analysis of each sites by group members following points emerged for each sites. Strengths Weaknesses Site A Site B Site C Plenty of land available Politically quite suitable site Semi-skilled and unskilled workers are available plenty. Most profitable site for business Professionals will love to live here Skilled professionals are available Plenty of the land available for the project A ‘mid cost’ site Not enough housing facilities Professional staff would not like to move here A lot of amount required to be spent on clean up and sterilization Not having enough business potential Protected wild life site Media is against in selection of this site Political activists oppose this site Road conditions are dismal Parking is an issue at this sit e Transport link would take huge budget The group members agreed after deliberations on the following main criteria/objectives of the hospital project that must be fulfilled while selecting the site and they are listed as per the following. 1.

Health care reform to address access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care reform to address access - Essay Example Nevertheless, it will enhance access to affordable healthcare for children, cancer patients, and underserved communities, through drug discounts propelled by 340B programs. Moreover, the legislation stands to improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare by availing medical services to all individuals in America and especially those who have joined Medicare and Medicaid. There will also be sustainable efforts to improve the delivery of care and support research, which will inform clients on issues relating to patient outcomes, and patient models will be developed and distributed. Health care practitioners and patients residing from rural areas will recognize the tremendous improvements together with advancements in payment accuracy. In addition, there will be improvements in access to innovative medical therapies through innovation and biologics price competition. With the establishment of the legislation, FDA will be in a position to license biological products that are shown to be either biosimilar or interchangeable to reference product (Kaiser, 2014). The basic values that underlie the approach to solving the access to health care problems include; focusing on provisions to expand medical cover for individuals and families in the United States, enacting measures to control health care and related medical costs to make it affordable to all individuals in America, and continuous improvement health care delivery system. The stated values do not align to any specific political perspective, but instead touch on the health benefit of every American citizen. As a policy maker, I would use the following approach to ensure success, establishment of market reforms, creating of insurance market places, and expansion of Medicaid programs (Healthcare.gov., 2014). This is because; every state requires compliance with market reforms to ensure access to cover for young adults, provision of

Contract Law. Case study. Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contract Law. . Analysis - Case Study Example When the offeree made a counter-offer, the original offeror must communicate his acceptance to the counter offer in order for an enforceable contract to exist. "An invitation to bid on a public contract is not an offer to contract but a solicitation for an offerThe contractor's bid is the offer to contractTo form a contract, the parties must mutually assent to the agreementIn looking for mutual assent, we do not consider the parties' subjective intent, instead, we ascertain intent from the objective manifestations, the parties statement and conduct." In the said case, a contractor that bid on a public construction project sought damages from the public agency after the contract was awarded to another bidder. The Court held that an enforceable oral contract was not formed when the agency voted to award the contract to the contractor or when it informed the contractor he had been awarded the contract. Applying the rules of law, the award of bid is not considered an enforceable contract because it was not reduced into writing which is a requirement under the Statute of Frauds.

Story of Cricket Essay Example for Free

Story of Cricket Essay At Old Trafford in 1956 Jim Laker produced one of the most famous individual performances ever in a Test Match, and one which will surely never be repeated. It was hardly surprising then, following that 19 for 90 in the Ashes deciding fourth Test, that publishers rushed to sign up the man who had enthralled the nation, and it was Frederick Muller Limited who secured the rights to publish Lakers autobiography. In the 1950s Mullers were one of the leading publishers in that field also, at various times, publishing books in the names of Colin Cowdrey, Trevor Bailey, Tom Graveney and Bill Edrich. Today there is no trace of the companys imprint, although its lineage can be traced through to current publishers Random House. In time Laker was to become a respected commentator and author in his own right but his three early books for Muller were ghost written. One, Over to me, that was published in 1960, was to cause a considerable furore, but the books were, generally, no more satisfying than similar books which appear today. The first book to appear bearing Lakers name appeared in early 1957 and was entitled Spinning Round the World. There is nothing remarkable about the content of the book and there are no compelling reasons for anyone to seek out a copy today, however there is one fascinating chapter, the final one, where Laker looks forward in order to speculate as to what cricket in the year 2000, forty three years on, might be like. The purpose of this article is to have a look at Lakers approach in order to see just how accurate or otherwise his predictions were and then for the writer to try and project the game forward again, this time, less ambitiously, to 21 years hence. To understand Lakers vision of the future it is necessary to know a little about the man himself and, more importantly, something of the state of the game when he made his predictions. Although Laker played his county cricket for Surrey, he was a gritty Yorkshireman. After leaving Surrey he also played briefly for Essex as an amateur but he was, throughout his Surrey career, a professional with all the typical attitudes and values of the northern professionals of that time. As far as the game itself was concerned England was very much the centre of the cricket world and the only country where there was a full time professional structure. Seventeen First Class counties would compete each year for the County Championship playing 28 three day games apiece. Only around half a dozen of them ever had any realistic aspirations to winning the title and there was no other domestic competition, so many games had little by way of a competitive edge. Overseas players had to acquire a residential qualification before they could play county cricket, and a decision to do so would end their international careers, so while there were overseas players in the English game they were not the top stars and English crowds only saw overseas Test players when they toured with their countries every few years. Test cricket was televised, but in grainy black and white, so in order to see the game properly supporters had to turn up at the grounds. In 1957 the English game was run by the MCC then, as now, a private club for gentlemen, and a similar organisation, the Imperial Cricket Conference, ran the world game. The abolition in the English game of the division between amateur and professional was, by 1957, inevitable but it was to be another six years before the distinction was finally consigned to sporting and social history. As far as the international game was concerned Test cricket had the great battles between England and Australia but for many years every other contest had been some way behind both in competitiveness and importance. South Africa had beaten England, in South Africa, on three occasions and once, in 1935, had defeated England in England but only once had they achieved even a draw in a series with Australia and, prior to 1952/53, had won but one Test against their Southern Hemisphere rivals. New Zealand in those days had never beaten England in a single Test and India had only ever won one match against England and that against what was effectively a second XI in 1951/52. Australia had only played New Zealand once, in a game so one sided they did not play them again for almost 30 years, and they had never been beaten by India. Only West Indies, who had comfortably beaten England in England in  1950, had changed the order of things and even they had failed to trouble Australia. In 1957 Pakistan had been the most recent addition to the family of Test playing nations and they had proved competitive, a great fast medium bowler, Fazal Mahmood, spearheading them to Test victories over England and Australia but the team as a whole was young and inexperienced and it was to be another 30 years before Pakistan would reach the top of the tree. It is also worth bearing in mind that in 1957 there was only one touring side to England each summer. Then, as now, Australia visited every four years as, since the war, had South Africa. There were therefore only two slots in the four year cycle for the other tourists and the 1950s saw nine years between New Zealand tours, eight years between Pakistani visits and seven years between those of India and the West Indies. A Test series then was four, or more usually, five matches. There were, of course, no one day internationals and the tourists would also play each of the 17 First Class counties once, and in the case of Yorkshire, Surrey and Lancashire usually twice, as well as a number of other First Class fixtures. Laker gave us two alternative visions of the future, one of which he was at pains to point out was not serious, but which is, when looked at overall, perhaps the most prescient. Laker saw the first Ashes Series of the 21st century as consisting of ten Test matches, his rationale being the extra funds generated by the ultimate form of the game. He saw the final Test still taking place at The Oval, and while the lifts to take ticket holders to their seats and the waitress service that Laker envisaged for spectators have not actually come about, the vast improvement in spectator comfort that he predicted has. As to the game itself Laker described players having numbered shirts and bowlers being allowed to make liberal use of substitutes to enable them to leave the field for a break after each spell. He also saw batsmen being allowed to take breaks within their innings, giving captains an American football style dilemma as to how best to arrange their batting order. It is certainly an interesting concept that a Paul Collingwood could be sent out to steady the ship after a couple of quick wickets fall only for him, having done so, to be able to take a rest while Andrew Fintoff comes out to blaze  away safe in the knowledge that if he falls early Collingwoods war of attrition can resume. Laker also predicted the increase in scoring rates in Test cricket which recent generations have delivered. We have not seen the ten ball overs that he foresaw, nor a rule that a batsman must score off at least three deliveries in each ten ball over or face a penalty, but we have seen the shortening of bou ndaries, albeit that has not gone as far as the complete standardisation at 60 yards that Laker felt the future would bring. Having set out that vision of the future Laker then took a step back, decided that the MCC and ICC were far too reactionary to countenance such changes and went on to outline a rather more conservative set of suggestions the majority of which have proved to be accurate. First and foremost Laker foresaw, although it was not difficult at the time, that the old order of the game, run as it was in large part by grandees and great industrialists, would have to change, and that former players and professional businessmen would have to have a hand in the running of the game. Irrespective of ones views on how those individuals who have found themselves in positions of power have performed there is no doubt that the game is much more professionally run than in the 1950s. As far as players are concerned, and Laker was only considering the English game here, he foresaw the dismantling of the archaic system of residential qualification for counties and predicted the dawn of the overseas player and a system of players transferring between counties and, which must have seemed farfetched at the time, the very recent concept of players going out on loan from one county to another. He also predicted, if not in so many words, the arrival of central contracts. As far as the laws of the game are concerned there has been little change since the 1950s and Laker did not anticipate anything revolutionary nor did he consider it necessary. This was a time when, despite its having been in the game for more than twenty years, the new LBW law that we have today was still controversial. Surprisingly, given that he was an off spinner, Laker was in favour of returning to the old rule whereby a batsman could not  be out LBW to a ball pitching outside the off stump, although it is clear it was not something that he expected to happen. One change that the following years did see, and which Laker considered essential, was the abolition of the old back foot no ball law which, at a stroke, eradicated the problem with fast bowlers dragging that was, by the time it changed, in 1969, a serious problem. Laker still believed, and this was the only feature he took from his unacceptable vision, that boundaries would become standardised. He deplored a state of affairs whereby a batsman could be caught in the deep on one ground and play an identical shot for six on another and keenly felt the inequity of this. Again this is perhaps surprising from a man who was a spin bowler and who spent many of his playing days on the wide open spaces of Kennington Oval with its long boundaries. Perhaps looking back to the controversies of the previous year Laker also foresaw a ground inspection panel to regularly inspect test and county grounds with a view to avoiding wickets being under prepared or otherwise unfit for the First Class game. Lakers final prediction was that the laws, or playing conditions, would contain provision for a fixed number of overs to be played in a day and that, after a number of gradual moves towards it, is now something we are used to. That it took so long to arrive is surprising and it took an infamous act of gamesmanship on the part of Brian Close, which cost him the England captaincy for the 1967/68 tour of West Indies, to secure the first move with the immediate introduction of a rule that 20 overs must be bowled in the final hour of a county championship match. The most significant development that Laker did not foresee, and indeed none of his generation did, was the introduction of single day matches with a limitation of overs to both sides, and to anyone looking back on the latter part of the 20th century that development must be viewed as the most significant step taken in the games evolution. Historically, a knockout cup between the First Class counties was mooted on a number of occasions,  initially as long ago as 1873, without any consensus ever being reached. What was usually discussed was a competition consisting of standard First Class matches, however no satisfactory mechanism for resolving the problems thrown up by drawn games was ever worked out. The possibility of one day cricket was considered, at some length, towards the end of the Second World War when the MCC was preparing for the resumption of the First Class game but was, effectively, dismissed out of hand. Two reasons were cited, firstly that a game of cricket limited by time or overs would be detrimental to the art and character of the game and, secondly, that captains would be encouraged to concentrate on preventing the batting side from scoring rather than from dismissing them. As the counties finances lurched from crisis to crisis in the 1950s discussions about a cup competition continued but it was not until 1961 that it was finally decided that a 65 overs per side cup competition was to be launched and as a result in 1963 the Gillette Cup was born and the rest, as they say, is history. So how will our great game look in 2030 as I approach my three score years and ten? I believe, like Jim Laker, that the game is fundamentally sound and little will change, at least insofar as the Test, First Class and List A versions of the game are concerned. There will, inevitably, be changes in the way that the game is umpired, and I have little doubt that in 2030 all potentially contentious umpiring decisions will be made instantly by technology and that the on-field umpires role will become a management function rather than a judicial one. I see little change to the laws of the game in prospect, although following the retirement of Muttiah Muralitharan and the hard line stance the Australians have decided to take on the doosra, I can certainly see that particular delivery being outlawed and consigned to history. I also expect the heartfelt plea put forward recently by Swaranjeet to result in the remit of the match referee extending to pitch preparation to ensure that the sort of tedious cricket that we saw for a large part of Englands series in the Caribbean earlier this year is not repeated. As for the domestic game in England I cannot see the 18 county structure  being dismantled but, given the success that central contracts have had in raising standards, I do think the amount of cricket played will inevitably and properly reduce so that players, and young and inexperienced ones in particular, have the opportunity to finely hone their skills in the nets rather than in match conditions. The above being said my expectation of the 20/20 game is that that will change considerably in the next 21 years. 20/20 will still be cricket but I believe there will be law changes that will remove it even further from the First Class game and I do think it will develop along the lines of the future that Jim Laker did not like the look of. I believe that LBW will end as a mode of dismissal in 20/20. It is far too complicated a law for casual viewers of the game and with it will be abolished the leg bye thereby, the legislature will say, adequately punishing the batsman for failing to lay bat on ball. I can also see greater rewards for batsmen who hit the ball further into the crowd and that we will end up with boundary eights and, perhaps, tens, as well as the traditional fours and sixes. I also believe, given the investment that some teams will make in the biggest names, that there will be an opportunity for batsmen to stay at the crease notwithstanding that they are dismissed and that captains will have to decide whether they want their star batsman to leave the crease or whether, on pain of a forfeit in terms of runs, they wish to leave him out there in place of a lesser batsman. I do not expect to be overly enamoured of this game as it changes but it will still be easily recognisable as cricket and as well as attracting a new audience to the game it will, I believe, spread the game around the world. I foresee that 20/20 cricket will feature in the Olympics in the near future and that it will be embraced by other nations in a way that the First Class game never will. In the 2030 20/20 World Cup I see the USA and Canada in particular providing strong opposition to the traditional test playing nations.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Management Essay All supply chain management shares one common, and central, objective – to satisfy the end customer. All stages in a chain must eventually include consideration of the final customer, no matter how far an individual operation is from the end-customer. Each operation in the chain should be satisfying its own customer, but also making sure that eventually the end-customer is also satisfied. Supply chain objectives Meeting the requirements of end-customers requires the supply chain to achieve appropriate levels of the five operations performance objectives: quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost. Quality – the quality of a product or service when it reaches the customer is a function of the quality performance of every operation in the chain that supplied it. Errors in each stage of the chain can multiply in their effect on end-customer service. Speed has two meanings in a supply chain context. The first is how fast customers can be served, an important element in any business’s ability to compete. However, fast customer response can be achieved simply by over-resourcing or over-stocking within the supply chain. Dependability – like speed, one can almost guarantee ‘on-time’ delivery by keeping excessive resources, such as inventory, within the chain. However, dependability of throughput time is a much more desirable aim because it reduces uncertainty within the chain. Flexibility – in a supply chain context is usually taken to mean the chain’s ability to cope with changes and disturbances. Very often this is referred to as supply chain agility. The concept of agility includes previously discussed issues such as focusing on the end-customer and ensuring fast throughput and responsiveness to customer needs. But, in addition, agile supply chains are sufficiently flexible to cope with changes, either in the nature of customer demand or in the supply capabilities of operations within the chain. Cost – in addition to the costs incurred within each operation, the supply chain as a whole incurs additional costs that derive from each operation in a chain doing business with each other. These may include such things as the costs of finding appropriate suppliers, setting up contractual agreements, monitoring supply performance, transporting products between operations, holding inventories, and so on. 5 factors for rating alternative suppliers Short-term ability to supply Range of products or services provided Quality of products or services Responsiveness Dependability of supply Delivery and volume flexibility Total cost of being supplied Ability to supply in the required quantity Long-term ability to supply Potential for innovation Ease of doing business Willingness to share risk Long-term commitment to supply Ability to transfer knowledge as well as products and services Technical capability Operation capability Financial capability Managerial capability Choosing suppliers should involve evaluating the relative importance of all these factors. 6 supply chain relationship business-to-business (B2B) relationships are by far the most common in a supply chain context and include some of the e-procurement exchange networks discussed earlier. Business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships include both ‘bricks and mortar’ retailers and online retailers. Consumer-to-business (C2B) relationships involve consumers posting their needs on the web (sometimes stating the price they are willing to pay), companies then deciding whether to offer. Customer-to-customer (C2C) or peer-to-peer (P2P) relationships include the online exchange and auction services and file sharing services. 7 types of supply chain relationship The very opposite of performing an operation in-house is to purchase goods and services from outside in a ‘pure’ market fashion, often seeking the ‘best’ supplier every time it is necessary to purchase. Each transaction effectively becomes a separate decision. The relationship between buyer and seller, therefore, can be very short-term. Once the goods or services are delivered and payment is made, there may be no further trading between the parties. The advantages of traditional market supplier relationships are usually seen as follows: ââ€"  They maintain competition between alternative suppliers. This promotes a constant drive between suppliers to provide best value. ââ€"  A supplier specializing in a small number of products or services  (or perhaps just one), but supplying them to many customers, can gain natural economies of scale. This enables the supplier to offer the products and services at a lower price than would be obtained if customers per formed the activities themselves on a smaller scale. ââ€"  There is inherent flexibility in outsourced supplies. If demand changes, customers can simply change the number and type of suppliers. This is a far faster and simpler alternative to having to redirect their internal activities. ââ€"  Innovations can be exploited no matter where they originate. Specialist suppliers are more likely to come up with innovative products and services which can be bought in faster and cheaper than would be the case if the company were itself trying to innovate. ââ€"  They help operations to concentrate on their core activities. One business cannot be good at everything. It is sensible therefore to concentrate on the important activities and outsource the rest. There are, however, disadvantages in buying in a totally ‘free market’ manner: ââ€"  There may be supply uncertainties. Once an order has been placed, it is difficult to maintain control over how that order is fulfilled. ââ€"  Choosing who to buy from takes time and effort. Gathering sufficient information and making decisions continually are, in themselves, activities which need to be resourced ââ€"  There are strategic risks in subcontracting activities to other businesses. An over-reliance on outsourcing can ‘hollow out’ the company, leaving it with no internal capabilities which it can exploit in its markets. Short-term relationships may be used on a trial basis when new companies are being considered as more regular suppliers. Also, many purchases which are made by operations are one-off or very irregular. For example, the replacement of all the windows in a company’s office block would typically involve this type of competitive-tendering market relationship. In some public-sector operations, purchasing is still based on short-term contracts. This is mainly because of the need to prove that public money is being spent as judiciously as possible. However, this short-term, price-oriented type of relationship can have a downside in terms of ongoing support and reliability. This may mean that a short-term ‘least-cost’ purchase decision will lead to long-term high cost. Virtual operations An extreme form of outsourcing operational activities is that of the virtual  operation. Virtual operations do relatively little themselves, but rely on a network of suppliers that can provide products and services on demand. A network may be formed for only one project and then disbanded once that project ends. The advantage of virtual operations is their flexibility and the fact that the risks of investing in production facilities are far lower than in a conventional operation. However, without any solid base of resources, a company may find it difficult to hold onto and develop a unique core of technical expertise. The resources used by virtual companies will almost certainly be available to competitors. In effect, the core competence of a virtual operation can only lie in the way it is able to manage its supply network. ‘Partnership’ supply relationships Partnership relationships in supply chains are sometimes seen as a compromise between vertical integration on the one hand (owning the resources which supply you) and pure market relationships on the other (having only a transactional relationship with those who supply you). Although to some extent this is true, partnership relationships are not only a simple mixture of vertical integration and market trading, although they do attempt to achieve some of the closeness and coordination efficiencies of vertical integration, but at the same time attempt to achieve a relationship that has a constant incentive to improve. Partnership relationships are defined as: ‘relatively enduring inter-firm cooperative agreements, involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the joint accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm’.11 What this means is that suppliers and customer s are expected to cooperate, even to the extent of sharing skills and resources, to achieve joint benefits beyond those they ould have achieved by acting alone. At the heart of the concept of partnership lies the issue of the closeness of the relationship. Partnerships are close relationships, the degree of which is influenced by a number of factors, as follows: ââ€"  Sharing success. An attitude of shared success means that both partners work together in order to increase the total amount of joint benefit they receive, rather than manoeuvring to maximize their own individual contribution. ââ€"  Long-term expectations. Partnership relationships imply relatively long-term commitments, but not  necessarily permanent ones. ââ€"  Multiple points of contact. Communication between partners is not only through formal channels, but may take place between many individuals in both organizations. ââ€"  Joint learning. Partners in a relationship are committed to learn from each other’s experience and perceptions of the other operations in the chain. ââ€"  Few relationships. Although partnership relationships do not necessarily imply single sourcing by customers, they do imply a commitment on the part of both parties to limit the number of customers or suppliers with whom they do business. It is difficult to maintain close relationships with many different trading partners. ââ€"  Joint coordination of activities. Because there are fewer relationships, it becomes possible jointly to coordinate activities such as the flow of materials or service, payment, and so on. ââ€"  Information transparency. An open and efficient information exchange is seen as a key element in partnerships because it helps to build confidence between the partners. ââ€"  Joint problem-solving. Although partnerships do not always run smoothly, jointly approaching problems can increase closeness over time. ââ€"  Trust. This is probably the key element in partnership relationships. In this context, trust means the willingness of one party to relate to the other on the understanding that the relationship will be beneficial to both, even though that cannot be guaranteed. Trust is widely held to be both the key issue in successful partnerships, but also, by far, the most difficult element to develop and maintain. 8 Matching the supply chain with market requirements. The supply chain policies which are seen to be appropriate for functional products and innovative products are termed by Fisher efficient supply chain policies and responsive supply chain policies, respectively. Efficient supply chain policies include keeping inventories low, especially in the downstream parts of the network, so as to maintain fast throughput and reduce the amount of working capital tied up in the inventory. What inventory there is in the network is concentrated mainly in the manufacturing operation, where it can keep utilization high and therefore manufacturing costs low. Information must flow quickly up and down the chain from retail outlets back up to the manufacturer so that schedules can be given the maximum amount of time to adjust efficiently. The chain is then managed to make sure that products  flow as quickly as possible down the chain to replenish what few stocks are kept downstream. By contrast, responsive supply chain policy stresses high service levels and responsive supply to the end-customer. The inventory in the network will be deployed as closely as possible to the customer. In this way, the chain can still supply even when dramatic changes occur in customer demand. Fast throughput from the upstream parts of the chain will still be needed to replenish downstream stocks. But those downstream stocks are needed to ensure high levels of availability to end-customers. 9 The bullwhip effect The ‘bullwhip effect’, is used to describe how a small disturbance at the downstream end of a supply chain causes increasingly large disturbances, errors, inaccuracies and volatility as it works its way upstream. Its main cause is an understandable desire by the different links in the supply chain to manage their production rates and inventory levels sensibly. Miscommunication in the supply chain Whenever two operations in a supply chain arrange for one to provide products or services to the other, there is the potential for misunderstanding and miscommunication. This may be caused simply by not being sufficiently clear about what a customer expects or what a supplier is capable of delivering. There may also be more subtle reasons stemming from differences in perception of seemingly clear agreements. The effect is analogous to the children’s game of ‘Chinese whispers’. The first child whispers a message to the next child who, whether he or she has heard it clearly or not, whispers an interpretation to the next child, and so on. The more children the message passes between, the more distorted it tends to become. The last child says out loud what the message is, and the children are amused by the distortion of the original message. Reducing bullwhip effect Reduce lead time Information sharing One of the reasons for the fluctuations in output described in the example earlier was that each operation in the chain reacted to the orders placed by  its immediate customer. None of the operations had an overview of what was happening throughout the chain. If information had been available and shared throughout the chain, it is unlikely that such wild fluctuations would have occurred. It is sensible therefore to try to transmit information throughout the chain so that all the operations can monitor true demand, free of these distortions. An obvious improvement is to make information on end-customer demand available to upstream operations. Inventory pooling Stable prices 10 time compression One of the most important approaches to improving the operational efficiency of supply chains is known as time compression. This means speeding up the flow of materials down the chain and the flow of information back up the chain. The supply chain dynamics effect was due partly to the slowness of information moving back up the chain.